Under Stalin ( pictured ) the Central Committee lost effective control over policymaking.

Under Khrushchev, an investigation into the matter concluded that the Central Committee had lost its ruling function under Stalin ; from 1929 onwards all decisions in the Central Committee were taken unanimously.

Under Stalin the most powerful position in the party became the General Secretary who was elected by the Politburo.

Under Stalin, the inner-party practice of democratic free debate did not continue after the death of Lenin in 1924.

Under Stalin the most powerful position in the party became the General Secretary who was elected by the Politburo.

Under Stalin this model was reversed, and it was the General Secretary who determined the composition of the Politburo and Central Committee.

Under Stalin, the city became a center of heavy industry and transshipment by rail and river, and as a result was attacked by Axis forces during World War II.

* Wieck, Michael: A Childhood Under Hitler and Stalin: Memoirs of a " Certified Jew ," University of Wisconsin Press, 2003, ISBN 0-299-18544-3.

Under the authorization of Stalin and Comintern, the delegation of CPC to Comintern led by Wang Ming issued a manifesto urging Chinese to set up a new united front against the Japanese, which was later called the Ba Yi Xuan Yan.

Under Stalin it became a pejorative term for elitist art.

" Under torture, prisoners seized in the Soviet investigation of the alleged Doctors ' Plot were compelled to produce evidence to ' prove ' that the Kremlin doctors, led by Stalin's own physician, had in fact assassinated Choibalsan and the others mentioned by Stalin.

Under Yezhov, the Great Purge reached its height during 1937 – 1938, with 50-75 % of the members of the Supreme Soviet and officers of the Soviet military being stripped of their positions and imprisoned, exiled to the Siberian gulags or executed, along with a greater number of ordinary Soviet citizens, accused ( usually on flimsy or nonexistent evidence ) of disloyalty or " wrecking " by local Chekist troikas in order to satisfy Stalin and Yezhov's arbitrary quotas for arrests and executions.

Under pressure from the opposition, Stalin had to read the testament again at the July 1926 Central Committee meeting.

His other books include St. Petersburg: A Cultural History ( 1995 ), Shostakovich and Stalin: The Extraordinary Relationship Between the Great Composer and the Brutal Dictator ( 2004 ), The Magical Chorus: A History of Russian Culture from Tolstoy to Solzhenitsyn ( 2008 ), and Romanov Riches: Russian Writers and Artists Under the Tsars ( 2011 ).

Under Vladimir Lenin, the Soviet Union legalized all abortions in 1920, but in 1936 by Joseph Stalin this was restricted to medically recommended cases only in order to increase population growth.

* 1991 “ The Inner Circle: An Inside View of Soviet Life Under Stalin ”

Under Joseph Stalin, the Soviet agricultural and heavy manufacturing sectors were largely centralized.

*" Soviet Music and Society Under Lenin and Stalin: The Baton and the Sickle " by Matt O ' Brien in Azerbaijan International, Vol.

* Stalin Prize ( 1946 ) ( for the songs " Under the Balkan Stars ", " In a way, a path far ", " My beloved ", " In the forest, front-line ")

Its overall politics shifted in its second decade: Under Levitas's editorship, during years when the much-higher-circulation Nation and New Republic often ran acrobatic apologies for Stalin, the New Leader became a bi-weekly platform for what was then known as liberal anti-Communism.

Under Joseph Stalin, a forcible collectivization was introduced and the native communist elite purged.

Under Joseph Stalin, the Krymchaks were forbidden to write in Hebrew and were ordered to employ a Cyrillic alphabet to write their own language.

Under Joseph Stalin at least a million persons died, mostly in the Kazakh SSR, during the period of forced collectivization.

Under Stalin, thanks to the influence of Trofim Denisovich Lysenko ( Director of the Soviet Lenin All-Union Institute of Agricultural Sciences ), Mendelian genetics was officially rejected in favour of Lysenkoism, which was derived from the Lamarkian beliefs of horticulturist Ivan Vladimirovich Michurin.

Under Yakov Segal's direction, it begins stirringly, as crouching Soviet and Nazi troops silently scan each other, waiting for the first surrender gesture.

Under the old Soviet central planning system, Armenia had developed a modern industrial sector, supplying machine tools, textiles, and other manufactured goods to sister republics in exchange for raw materials and energy.

Under Soviet rule, both the villages were forced to disband and residents were moved to the Russian dominated Zaporozhye rural settlement in Ust-Bolsheretsky Raion.

Under Mikhail Gorbachev, the Soviet Union was able to depose Karmal and replace him with Mohammad Najibullah.

Under Khrushchev the local party leadership in the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) witnessed the largest turnover in provincial leaders since the Great Purge ; two out of three provincial leaders were replaced in 1953 alone.

Under this provision, cooperative restaurants, shops, and manufacturers became part of the Soviet scene.

Under this policy, Albania would develop its agricultural output in order to supply the Soviet Union and other Warsaw Pact nations while these nations would be developing specific resource outputs of their own, which would in theory strengthen the Warsaw Pact by greatly reducing the lack of certain resources that many of the nations faced.

Under this pact, Finland was obliged to resist armed attacks by " Germany or its allies " against Finland, or against the Soviet Union through Finland, and, if necessary, ask for Soviet military aid to do so.

Under his leadership, the German government sought to reduce tensions with the Soviet Union and improve relations with the German Democratic Republic, a policy known as the Ostpolitik.

* 1940 – The United States ' Under Secretary of State Sumner Welles issues a declaration on the U. S. non-recognition policy of the Soviet annexation and incorporation of three Baltic states: Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania.

Under these circumstances, during much of the Siege of Leningrad ( 1941 – 1944 ), Lake Ladoga provided the only access to the besieged city because a section of the eastern shore remained in Soviet hands.

Under Nikolai Yezhov, the NKVD carried out the Great Purge: the imprisonment or execution of millions of people throughout the Soviet Union as alleged " enemies of the people ".

Under his editorship, Tribune opposed both the British government's Suez adventure and the Soviet crushing of the Hungarian Revolution in 1956.

Under US President Jimmy Carter, the West joined the Soviet Union and others in enacting sanctions against weapons trade and weapons-grade material to South Africa.

Under this provision, cooperative restaurants, shops, and manufacturers became part of the Soviet scene.

Under the terms of the Joint Venture Law, the Soviet partner supplied labor, infrastructure, and a potentially large domestic market.

Under Stalin's administration and the leadership of such commanders as Georgy Zhukov and Konstantin Rokossovsky, Soviet forces drove through Eastern Europe in 1944 – 45 and captured Berlin in May 1945.

Under the treaty, Russia became known as the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic ( RSFSR ).

Under Deng Xiaoping, the leadership of China embarked upon a programme of market-based reform that was more sweeping than had been Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev's perestroika program of the late 1980s.

Under the constitution adopted in 1936 and modified along the way until October 1977, the political foundation of the Soviet Union was formed by the Soviets ( Councils ) of People's Deputies.

Under Mikhail Gorbachev, glasnost and perestroika were intended to revive the Soviet Union.

Under the Monnet Plan France attempted to gain economic control of the German industrial areas with large coal and mineral deposits that were not in Soviet hands: the Ruhr area and the Saar area.

Under orders from the Joint Chiefs of Staff, SAC was told its primary objective was bombing targets in order to damage or destroy Soviet ability to deliver nuclear weapons, its secondary objective was stopping Soviet advances into Western Europe, and its tertiary objective was the same as before, destroying Soviet industrial capacity.