Under the German constitution, a party that wins at least three directly-elected seats is eligible for proportional representation regardless of its nationwide vote total.

Under a constant torque of magnitude τ, the gyroscope's speed of precession Ω < sub > P </ sub > is inversely proportional to L, the magnitude of its angular momentum:

Under proportional representation, Labor could win three of the five New South Wales seats, but if Murphy's seat was also contested, it was most unlikely to win four out of six.

Under the new system of proportional representation, the party also gained two MEPs.

* Under the mixed member proportional representation ( MMP ) or Top-Up ( compensatory ) system, the aim is either for the party's total number of representatives, including constituency representatives, to be proportional to its percentage of the party vote, or for the allocation of additional party seats to offset all or most of the disproportionate result in the constituencies.

Under the AMS used in Italy from 1993 to 2005, a threshold of 4 % was needed to receive proportional seats.

Under the 2008 Democratic Party selection rules, adopted in 2006, delegates are selected under proportional representation, which requires a candidate have a minimum of 15 % of a state's popular vote to receive delegates.

Under the proportional representation system which the HKSAR Government considered the best representation of the spectrum of views of the community, the party secured 12 out of 60 seats in the first LegCo election in 1998, including 9 out of 20 seats from the geographical constituencies, in which the party received 43 % of the vote.

( Under Mixed member proportional representation a gerrymander can help a local candidate, but it cannot raise a major party ’ s share of seats.

Under the Single transferable vote proportional representation electoral system used in Ireland, it was considered virtually impossible for all three to be elected.

Under applicable laws, the remaining seventy-five representatives were appointed by the political parties in accordance with a proportional formula based on the number of seats won in the election.

Under proportional reinsurance, the reinsurer's share of the risk is defined for each separate policy, while under non-proportional reinsurance the reinsurer's liability is based on the aggregate claims incurred by the ceding office.

Under proportional reinsurance, one or more reinsurers take a stated percentage share of each policy that an insurer produces (" writes ").

Under the single member constituency system that predates the present proportional representation system, he represented Merseyside West from 1996 to 1999.

Under proportional vigorish, a moneyline odds bet listed at − 100 vs. − 100 without vigorish ( fair odds ) could become − 110 vs. − 110 with vigorish factored in.

Under proportional vigorish the odds would become − 110 vs. + 100 and so gamblers must wager 110 to win 100.

Under standard assumptions, a body moving under the influence of a force, directed to a central body, with a magnitude inversely proportional to the square of the distance ( such as gravity ), has an orbit that is a conic section ( i. e. circular orbit, elliptic orbit, parabolic trajectory, hyperbolic trajectory, or radial trajectory ) with the central body located at one of the two foci, or the focus ( Kepler's first law ).

Under current law, members of the Chamber of Deputies are elected through a party-list proportional system.

Under proportional representation, it is not unusual for a government, lacking a clear majority in the Legislative Council, to rely on the voting support of independent members and / or minor parties, such as The Greens, to pass legislation.

Under party-list proportional representation systems, parties receive a number of seats in proportion to the number of votes they received.

Under Section 2 ( c ) of the Contempt of Courts Act of 1971, criminal contempt has been defined as the publication ( whether by words, spoken or written, or by signs, or by visible representation, or otherwise ) of any matter or the doing of any other act whatsoever which:

Under this definition, a simple representation of the real number e is:

Under traditional first-past-the-post rules, Alice wins, leaving 55 % of the voters without representation.

Under a series of treaties concluded after World War I, Switzerland assumed responsibility for the diplomatic and consular representation of Liechtenstein, the protection of its borders, and the regulation of its customs.

Under his leadership, the student council successfully petitioned the college to have representation on Roosevelt's faculty committees.

Under U. S. law, unions owe a duty of fair representation to all workers that they represent, regardless of whether they pay dues.

Under the influence of the Olympian pantheon, she became merely the consort of Poseidon, and was further diminished by poets to a symbolic representation of the sea.

Under the U. S. Constitution, the national representation of territories and the federal district of Washington, D. C., in Congress is limited: residents of the District of Columbia are subject to federal laws and federal taxes, but their only congressional representative is a non-voting delegate.

Under this definition, encapsulation means that the internal representation of an object is generally hidden from view outside of the object's definition.

Under English law, this class includes estoppel by representation of fact, promissory estoppel and proprietary estoppel ( see Halsbury's Laws of England, Vol 16 ( 2 ), 2003 ).

Under English law, estoppel by representation of fact usually acts as a defence, though it may act in support of a cause of action or counterclaim.

Under the British Constitution, they argued, a British subject's property ( in the form of taxes ) could not be taken from him without his consent ( in the form of representation in government ).

Under common law, false pretense is defined as a representation of a present or past fact, which the thief knows to be false, and which he intends will and does cause the victim to pass title of his property.

Under the Confederation, each of these groups or corporations had representation in the Consiglio Magnifico which ruled Locarno.

Under this representation, the elements of U ( L ) invariant under the action of L ( i. e. such that any element of L acting on them gives zero ) are called invariant elements.

" Under it, the state's population was divided by 100, with the resulting quotient being the ratio of representation in the House of Representatives.

Under SM, which is a form of semi-proportional representation, a portion of seats in the legislature are filled by pluralities in single member constituencies.

Under this law annual grants are given to systems in substantial amounts.

Under Lincoln's leadership, the Union set up a naval blockade that shut down the South's normal trade, took control of the border slave states at the start of the war, gained control of communications with gunboats on the southern river systems, and tried repeatedly to capture the Confederate capital at Richmond, Virginia.

Under the Cronquist system of taxonomic classification of flowering plants Asteraceae was the only family in the group, but newer systems ( such as APG II and APG III ) have expanded it to eleven.

Under non-voucher education systems, people who currently pay for private schooling are still taxed for public schools ; therefore, they fund both public and private schools simultaneously.

Under the new deal, HP will provide network, workplace, mainframe management, applications and systems integration services for GM ’ s worldwide operations.

Under the Cronquist system and some other plant classification systems, the order Fabales contains only the family Fabaceae.

Under parliamentary systems the executive authority is exercised by the head of state, but in practice is done so on the advice of the cabinet of ministers.

Under the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan ( 1978 – 1992 ), weapon deliveries by the Soviets were increased and included Mi-24 helicopters, MiG-23 fighter aircraft, ZSU-23-4 " Shilka " and ZSU-57-2 anti-aircraft self-propelled mounts, MT-LB armored personnel carriers, BM-27 " Uragan " and BM-21 " Grad " multiple-launch rocket systems and FROG-7 and Scud launchers.

Under the Monorail Society beam width criteria, some but not all maglev systems are considered monorails, such as the Transrapid and Linimo.

Under a special arrangement agreed during the formation of Malaysia, the East Malaysian states of Sabah and Sarawak can retain their respective immigration control systems.

Under liberal democratic systems, privacy creates a space separate from political life, and allows personal autonomy, while ensuring democratic freedoms of association and expression.

Under these systems it is sufficient for a candidate to receive a plurality of votes ( i. e. more votes than anyone else ) to be elected in the second round.

Under a parliamentary system it is more likely to produce single party governments than are PR systems, which tend to produce coalition governments.

Under the leadership of a Chief of Course, course workers erect safety systems ( usually nets ), prepare and maintain the surface of the race course, erect and maintain other equipment such as a start tent, a finish area and the gates through which competitors must pass, and remove any fresh snow that may fall during the event.

Under the older Cronquist system of classifying flowering plants, this was placed in an order Linales ; more modern systems place it in the order Malpighiales.

Under the administration of Hu Jintao, reunification under " one country, two systems " lost emphasis amid the reality that the DPP presidency in Taiwan would be held by pro-independence President Chen until 2008.

Under the two systems Easter did not generally coincide, and as such it would be matter of course for Christians following one system to be solemnly observing Lent while others were celebrating the feast of the Resurrection.

Under these rules, relevant aircraft systems must be fully simulated, and a comprehensive aerodynamic model is required.

Under certain emergency circumstances ( e. g., severe head trauma or suspected cervical spine injury ), it may be impossible to fully utilize these the physical examination and the various classification systems to predict the difficulty of tracheal intubation.

Under these systems the resources are left in an original format, for instance, pictures are included as complete TIFF files instead of being encoded into some sort of container.

Under some points of view, the SUP is not an electoral method, but two systems run in parallel for simultaneous, separate elections.

* Under the domotics umbrella fall home security systems, whole-house audio or video systems, lights, gates and household LAN

Under the so-called " batteries directive " ( 2006 / 66 / EC ), the sale of consumer Ni – Cd batteries has now been banned within the European Union except for medical use ; alarm systems ; emergency lighting ; and portable power tools.

Under most systems, only persons in the first category are dynasts, that is, potential successors to the throne ( unless the member of the latter category is also in line to the throne in their own right, a frequent occurrence in royal families which frequently intermarry ).