When calculating the difference in voltage, one must first manipulate the half-cell reactions to obtain a balanced oxidation-reduction equation.

When calculating scattering cross sections in particle physics, the interaction between particles can be described by starting from a free field which describes the incoming and outgoing particles, and including an interaction Hamiltonian to describe how the particles deflect one another.

When calculating correlation functions instead of scattering amplitudes, there is no past and future and all the lines are internal.

When calculating the fluctuations with a perturbative

When calculating specific impulse, only propellant that is carried with the vehicle before use is counted.

When calculating flow to drains or flow to wells in an aquifer, the anisotropy is to be taken into account lest the resulting design of the drainage system may be faulty.

When it lands on edge – and next to a newspaper story on one of Smith's accomplishments – he chooses Smith, calculating that his wholesome image will please the people while his naïveté will make him easy to manipulate.

When calculating with SI units, the standards would be for mass, kilograms ; for radius, meters ; and for angular velocity, radians per second.

When calculating R, allowance must be made for any current through the external load, not shown in this diagram, connected across U < sub > OUT </ sub >.

When calculating counterfeit products, current estimates place the global losses at $ 400 billion.

When calculating the output of, for example, a photovoltaic panel, the angle of the sun relative to the panel needs to be taken into account as well as the insolation.

When calculating a Thévenin-equivalent voltage, the voltage divider principle is often useful, by declaring one terminal to be V < sub > out </ sub > and the other terminal to be at the ground point.

When both legs are in the same currency, this notional amount is typically not exchanged between counterparties, but is used only for calculating the size of cashflows to be exchanged.

When calculating the electromagnetic interactions of charged particles, it is tempting to ignore the back-reaction of a particle's own field on itself.

When calculating the length of a short north-south line at the equator, the sphere that best approximates that part of the spheroid has a radius of, or 6, 335. 439 km, while the spheroid at the poles is best approximated by a sphere of radius, or 6, 399. 594 km, a 1 % difference.

When calculating probabilities for a card game such as Texas Hold ' em, there are two basic approaches.

When calculating the radiance emitted by a source, A refers to an area on the surface of the source, and Ω to the solid angle into which the light is emitted.

When calculating radiance at a detector, A refers to an area on the surface of the detector and Ω to the solid angle subtended by the source as viewed from that detector.

When the bottle is empty, Ringo places a love poem by Hafez inside it, and casts it into the Seine, calculating that one day it will reach American shores.

* When calculating the year in the game with the beginning of NC, in the game EV Nova, the year is 3955 ( It could be possible that the date of the game was influenced by the Planet of the Apes film series ).

When all the measuring, comparing, and calculating are done, some type of final control element must implement the strategy selected by the controller.

When calculating the prime, a separate point scale is used.

When calculating or estimating data throughputs, the details of the frame / cell / packet format and the technology's detailed implementation need to be understood.

When calculating multiples over different time periods ( e. g. historic multiples vs forward multiples ) EV should be adjusted to reflect the weighted average invested capital of the company in each period.

When the signal drive to the amplifier is increased, the output also increases until a point is reached where some part of the amplifier becomes saturated and cannot produce any more output ; this is called clipping, and results in distortion.

When a user with a low bitrate codec talks to a user with another codec, additional distortion is introduced by each transcoding.

When output is not in this portion, two forms of amplitude distortion might arise

When analog long distance trunks were commonplace, for example in 12 channel carrier, group delay distortion had to be corrected in repeaters.

When Australian comedian Paul Hogan used the phrase, " I'll slip an extra shrimp on the barbie for you " in an American television advertisement, it was intended to make what he was saying easier for his American audience to understand, and was thus a deliberate distortion of what an Australian would typically say.

When newspaper ink was petroleum based, Silly Putty could be used to transfer newspaper images to other surfaces, possibly after introducing distortion.

When we use the mean squared error as distortion measure, we have ( for amplitude-continuous signals ):

When working with stationary sources with memory, it is necessary to modify the definition of the rate distortion function and it must be understood in the sense of a limit taken over sequences of increasing lengths.

When a guitar part is recorded " dry " ( e. g., without effects or distortion ), straight into the mixing board for a recording, this gives the producer and mixing engineer much more flexibility to create new re-mixes or new tones from the recording.

When the processor has completed its update, it can signal to the video display hardware to swap active banks, so that the transition visible on screen is free of artifacts or distortion.

When performed on the Animals tour, Gilmour added distortion to the guitar for this solo ( This bluesy guitar solo is often dropped in live performances whilst the rest of part III is still played — notably Delicate Sound of Thunder and Pulse.

When Cú Chulainn wakes he undergoes a spectacular ríastrad or " distortion ", in which his body twists in its skin and he becomes an unrecognisable monster who knows neither friend nor foe.

When the transferred image was brought into proximity with the vapor from the evaporating liquid the result was a perfectly fixed copy without any of the distortion or toner migration which can occur with the other methods.

When photographs are viewed at the ordinary viewing distance, the angle of view at which the image is captured accounts completely for the appearance of perspective distortion.

When viewed at this distance, the distortion effects created by the angle of view of the capture are apparent.

When playing bass solos, hard rock and heavy metal bassists sometimes use bass effects such as distortion or wah-wah pedals to produce a more pronounced sound.

When the first transatlantic submarine telegraph cables were laid in the 1860s, it was found that the long conductors caused distortion which reduced the maximum signalling speed to only 10-12 words per minute.

When successful, this activity results in the distortion and falsification of historical events.

When distortion due to clipping occurs after the anti-aliasing filter, it can create components outside the passband of the anti-aliasing filter ; these components can then alias, causing the reproduction of other non-harmonically-related frequencies.

When plotted on a map it reveals the amount of distortion by the map at the particular point where the ellipse is plotted.

When returned the cell, the Doctor notices evidence of a time distortion.

When the complex recognizes such a distortion, the UvrA subunit leaves and an UvrC protein comes in and binds to the UvrB monomer and, hence, forms a new UvrBC dimer.

When " Mississippi Burning " then showed the FBI as leaping into action in 1964, civil rights veterans were shocked by the distortion.

When AC signals are applied, this nonlinearity can cause the generation of harmonics and intermodulation distortion.