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Following many other discoveries and publications, in 1691, Malpighi was uprooted from his beloved home in Bologna and summoned to Rome by Pope Innocent XII as papal physician, which position he held until his death three years later.

In 1691 Pope Innocent XII invited him to Rome as Papal physician.

* 1697 – Pope Innocent XII founds the city of Cervia.

Pope Innocent XII appointed a commission of cardinals to investigate the accusations-apparently violating the exemption granted in 1520.

Pope Innocent XII ( 13 March 1615 – 27 September 1700 ), born Antonio Pignatelli del Rastrello, was Pope of the Roman Catholic Church from 1691 to 1700.

Immediately after his election on 12 July 1691, Innocent XII declared his opposition to the nepotism which had afflicted the reigns of previous popes.

Innocent XII said that " the poor were his nephews ", comparing his public beneficence to the nepotism of many predecessors.

Innocent XII also introduced various reforms into the States of the Church including the Forum Innocentianum, designed to improve the administration of justice dispensed by the Church.

Pope Innocent XII died on 27 September 1700 and was succeeded by Pope Clement XI ( 1700 – 1721 ).

Innocent XII appears as one of the narrators in Robert Browning's long poem " The Ring and the Book " ( 1869 ), based on the true story of the Pope's intervention in a historical murder trial in Rome during his papacy.

Innocent XII was the last pope to have a beard in the modern era.

* Cardinals created by Innocent XII

sw: Papa Innocent XII

simple: Pope Innocent XII

Thenceforward, all popes were bearded until the death of Pope Innocent XII in 1700.

** Pope Innocent XII becomes the 242nd pope, succeeding Pope Alexander VIII.

* March 13 – Pope Innocent XII ( d. 1700 )

To the north and south of the rock of the Doms, partly on the site of the Bishop's Palace, which had been enlarged by John XXII, was built the Palace of the Popes, in the form of an imposing fortress consisting of towers, linked to each other, and named as follows: De la Campane, de Trouillas, de la Glacière, de Saint-Jean, des Saints-Anges ( Benedict XII ), de la Gâche, de la Garde-Robe ( Clement VI ), de Saint-Laurent ( Innocent VI ).

But Pope Innocent XII abolished nepotism and the office of Legate in Avignon on 7 February 1693, handing over its temporal government in 1692 to the Congregation of Avignon ( i. e. a department of the papal Curia, residing at Rome ), with the Cardinal Secretary of State as presiding prefect, and exercising its jurisdiction through the vice-legate.

* November 23 – Pope Clement XI succeeds Pope Innocent XII as the 243rd pope.

* September 27 – Pope Innocent XII ( b. 1615 )

* November 30 – Pope Gregory XII succeeds Pope Innocent VII as the 205th pope.

Two years later, on November 20, 1698, Pope Innocent XII issued a brief which definitely ended the controversy on pain of excommunication, and placed all writings in violation of the brief on the Index Librorum Prohibitorum.

Innocent XII selected 23 specific passages for condemnation.