Critics have also argued that, as the Austrian business cycle theory points to the actions of fractional-reserve banks and central banks to explain the business cycles, it fails to explain the severity of business cycles before the establishment of the Federal Reserve in 1913.

He also collected in Moldavia, Wallachia and in 1913 in Algeria.

Other independent companies were grouped under the Mutual banner in 1912, and there were also important new entrants, particularly the Jesse Lasky Feature Play Company, and Famous Players, which were both formed in 1913 to take advantage of the fact that films could reproduce the real substance of a stage play ( plus embellishments ), and so the best plays and actors from the legitimate stage could be enticed into films.

In 1913, Soddy also showed that an atom moves lower in atomic number by two places on alpha emission, higher by one place on beta emission.

The Gambler's fallacy, also known as the Monte Carlo fallacy ( because its most famous example happened in a Monte Carlo Casino in 1913 ), and also referred to as the fallacy of the maturity of chances, is the belief that if deviations from expected behaviour are observed in repeated independent trials of some random process, future deviations in the opposite direction are then more likely.

Seeking a more structured way to play war games, Wells also wrote Floor Games ( 1911 ) followed by Little Wars ( 1913 ).

Bloomfield was Instructor in German at the University of Cincinnati, 1909 – 1910 ; Instructor in German at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1910 – 1913 ; Assistant Professor of Comparative Philology and German, also University of Illinois, 1913 – 1921 ; Professor of German and Linguistics at the Ohio State University, 1921 – 1927 ; Professor of Germanic Philology at the University of Chicago, 1927 – 1940 ; Sterling Professor of Linguistics at Yale University, 1940-1949.

Also, subsequent experiments as the Sagnac effect ( 1913 ) also showed that is model is untenable.

In 1913 she also wrote two American Civil War stories, one of them annotated, " 237 pages are in this book ".

Romania had also recently acquired the Southern Dobruja territory called " The Quadrilateral " from Bulgaria as a result of its participation in the Second Balkan War in 1913.

It was also the permanent home to an exhibition of the life of Willy Brandt ( 1913 – 1992 ), Mayor of West Berlin from 1957 to 1966, Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany 1969 – 1974.

It's also common to use this technique to simultaneously portray both participants in a telephone conversation, a long-standing convention which dates back to early silents, as in Lois Weber's triangular frames in her 1913 Suspense, and culminating in Pillow Talk, where Doris Day and Rock Hudson share a party line.

Petrushka ( 1911 ) and The Rite of Spring ( 1913 ) followed shortly afterwards, and the two also worked together on Pulcinella ( 1920 ) and Les noces ( 1923 ).

Sadleir's interest in Kandinsky also led to Kandinsky's first works entering a British art collection ; Sadleir's father, Michael Sadler, acquired several woodprints and the abstract painting Fragment for Composition VII in 1913 following a visit by father and son to meet Kandinsky in Munich that year.

Emil Hans Willi Hennig ( April 20, 1913 – November 5, 1976 ) was a German biologist who is considered the founder of phylogenetic systematics, also known as cladistics.

They were also involved in what came to be known as the Wheatland Hop Riot on August 3, 1913.

Jung and Freud personally met for the last time in September 1913 for the Fourth International Psychoanalytical Congress, also in Munich.

During these years Holst also became interested in Hindu mysticism and spirituality, and this interest led to the composition of several works set to translations of Sanskrit texts, including: Sita ( 1899 – 1906 ), a three-act opera based on an episode in the Ramayana ; Sāvitri ( 1908 ), a chamber opera based on a tale from the Mahabharata ; 4 groups of Hymns from the Rig Veda ( 1908 – 14 ); and two texts originally by Kalidasa: Two Eastern Pictures ( 1909 – 10 ) and The Cloud Messenger ( 1913 ).

* Pfohl, Ferdinand: 5 poems (" Moon-rondels, fantastic scenes from ' Pierrot Lunaire '") for voice and piano ( 1891 ); Marschalk, Max: 5 poems for voice and piano ( 1901 ); Vrieslander, Otto: 50 poems for voice and piano ( 46 in 1905, 4 more in 1911 ); Graener, Paul: 3 poems for voice and piano ( c. 1908 ); Marx, Joseph: 4 poems for voice and piano ( 1909 ; 1 of 4, " Valse de Chopin ", reset for voice, piano, and string quartet in 1917 ); Schoenberg, Arnold: 21 poems for speaking voice, piano, flute ( also piccolo ), clarinet ( also bass clarinet ), violin ( also viola ), and violoncello ( 1912 ); Kowalski, Max: 12 poems for voice and piano ( 1913 ); Prohaska, Carl: 6 poems for voice and piano ( 1920 ); Lothar, Mark: 1 poem for voice and piano ( 1921 ).

The introduction of cash crops such as cotton, and forcible measures to impel farmers to grow these crops, also impoverished the peasantry in many areas, such as northern Nigeria, contributing to greater vulnerability to famine when severe drought struck in 1913.

In 1912 the United States Supreme Court adopted a new set of rules of equity which became effective on February 1, 1913.

Only several years after its liberation ( 1878 ), Bulgaria became a regional military power and was involved in several major wars – Serbo-Bulgarian War ( 1885 ), First Balkan War ( 1912 – 13 ), Second Balkan War ( 1913 ), First World War ( 1915 – 1918 ) and Second World War ( 1941 – 1944 ), during which the Army gained significant combat experience.

Woolwich Arsenal's move to North London in 1913 gave Charlton an opportunity to develop, and they became a senior side by joining the Lewisham League.

When she returned east in 1913, she joined Alice Paul, Lucy Burns, and others in founding the militant Congressional Union, which became the National Woman's Party.

In 1913, he founded a similar magazine, The Electrical Experimenter, which became Science and Invention in 1920.

* Electrical Experimenter — 1913 to 1920 ; became Science and Invention

During the siege, on 8 February 1913, the Russian pilot N. de Sackoff, flying for the Greeks, became the first pilot ever shot down in combat, when his biplane was hit by ground fire following a bomb run on the walls of Fort Bizani.

At first Gris painted in the analytic style of Cubism, but after 1913 he began his conversion to synthetic Cubism, of which he became a steadfast interpreter, with extensive use of papier collé or, collage.

John Edward Boulting ( 21 November 1913 – 17 June 1985 ) and Roy Alfred Clarence Boulting ( 21 November 1913 – 5 November 2001 ), known collectively as the Boulting brothers, were English filmmakers and identical twins who became known for their popular series of satirical comedies in the 1950s and 1960s.

The relations between Kosovo's ethnic Albanian and Serb populations have been hostile since the rise of nationalism in the Balkans during the 19th century, rivalry which became strong after Serbia gained Kosovo from the Ottoman Empire in 1913 and after Albania became independent in the same year.

Karl Wittgenstein ( 1847 – 1913 ) became an industrial tycoon, and by the late 1880s was one of the richest men in Europe, with an effective monopoly on Austria's steel cartel.

Sanger became estranged from her husband in 1913, and the couple's divorce was finalized in 1921.

In 1913, he was appointed head of the chemical department in Guy ’ s Hospital Medical and became the first teacher of chemistry in a Medical School to be made a University Professor, at the University of London.

Educated as a mathematician, he became, through his coauthorship and 1913 publication of Principia Mathematica with Bertrand Russell, a major logician.

It was quickly ratified by the states, and on February 3, 1913, it became a part of the Constitution as the Sixteenth Amendment.

In 1913, for the first time in the city, a telephone line with eighty subscribers became operational.

He became a full professor ( Professor of the Science of Education ) there in 1906, and in 1913 he was named Chair in " Education and Sociology ".

In 1913, the nineteen-year-old Rockwell became the art editor for Boys ' Life, published by the Boy Scouts of America, a post he held for three years ( 1913 – 1916 ).

The film format was introduced into still photography as early as 1913 ( the Tourist Multiple ) but first became popular with the launch of the Leica camera, created by Oskar Barnack in 1925.

Milford became Publisher when Frowde retired in 1913, and ruled over the lucrative London business and the branch offices that reported to it until his own retirement in 1945.

* 1913 – Tōhoku Imperial University of Japan ( modern day Tohoku University ) becomes the first university in Japan to admit female students.

The Anglo-Persian Oil Company built their first pipeline terminus oil refinery in Abadan, starting in 1909 and completing it in 1913 ( see Abadan Refinery ).

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Then, he tied for first with Alexander Alekhine at St. Petersburg 1913 / 14 ( the eighth All-Russian Masters ' Tournament ).

The first human born in the Antarctic was Solveig Gunbjørg Jacobsen born on 8 October 1913 in Grytviken, South Georgia.

E. Mark cites Caproni Ca 30 and Bristol TB. 8, both of 1913, as one of the first of heavier-than-air aircraft purposely designed for bombing.

On 16 June 1913, just a few months after the end of the first war, the Bulgarian government ordered an attack on Serbian and Greek positions in Macedonia, without declaring war.

In 1913, inspired by the introduction of women into Olympic swimming, designer Carl Jantzen made the first functional two-piece swimwear, a close-fitting one-piece with shorts on the bottom and short sleeves on top .< ref name = heritage >

In 1913 Brâncuși's work was displayed at both the Salon des Indépendants and the first exhibition in the U. S. of modern art, the Armory Show.

China's first censuses were irregular: the Republic of China held censuses in 1913 and 1944.

In 1913 the German chemist Max Bodenstein first put forth the idea of chemical chain reactions.

* 1913 – The Buenos Aires Subway, the first underground railway system in the southern hemisphere and in Latin America, begins operation.

* 1913 – The Ford Motor Company introduces the first moving assembly line.

* 1913 – Arthur Wynne's " word-cross ", the first crossword puzzle, is published in the New York World.

These new concepts prompted the publication of the Ideen ( Ideas ) in 1913, in which they were at first incorporated, and a plan for a second edition of the Logische Untersuchungen.

Louis was home schooled for the first ten years of his life: he was then sent to Lockers Park School in Hertfordshire and on to the Royal Naval College, Osborne in May 1913.

* 1913 – King O ' Malley drives in the first survey peg to mark commencement of work on the construction of Canberra.

Created in 1913 for use in color film processes such as Kinemacolor, panchromatic was first used in a black-and-white film for exterior sequences in Queen of the Sea ( 1918 ) and originally available as a special order product.

* 1913 – Greek military aviators, Michael Moutoussis and Aristeidis Moraitinis perform the first naval air mission in history, with a Farman MF. 7 hydroplane.

The first airplane flight took place in Guyana in March 1913 when George Schmidt, a German, flew a machine over Georgetown, taking off from the Bel Air Park Race Course.

The term " Golgi apparatus " was used in 1910 and first appeared in scientific literature in 1913.

In March 1913, an anarchist, Alexandros Schinas, assassinated King George in Thessaloniki, and his son came to the throne as Constantine I. Constantine was the first Greek king born in Greece and the first to be Greek Orthodox.

* 2006 – Witnesses report seeing a bottlenose whale swimming in the River Thames, the first time the species had been seen in the Thames since records began in 1913.