However, Darwinism is also used neutrally within the scientific community to distinguish modern evolutionary theories, sometimes called " NeoDarwinism ", from those first proposed by Darwin.

By 2000, most large-scale ( Mach-like ) efforts had ended, although OpenStep used an adapted Mach kernel called XNU, which is now used in the OS known as Darwin, which is the open source part of Mac OS X .. As of 2012, the Mach-based GNU Hurd is also functional and its inclusion in testing versions of Arch Linux and Debian in progress.

While often seen as rejecting Darwin's theory of branching evolution for a more linear Lamarckian " biogenic law " of progressive evolution, this is not accurate: Haeckel used the Lamarckian picture to describe the ontogenic and phylogenic history of the individual species, but agreed with Darwin about the branching nature of all species from one, or a few, original ancestors.

Darwin made extensive revisions to the sixth edition of the Origin ( this was the first edition in which he used the word " evolution "), and added a new chapter VII, Miscellaneous objections, to address Mivart's arguments.

In Chapter III, Darwin asks how varieties " which I have called incipient species " become distinct species, and in answer introduces the key concept he calls " natural selection "; in the fifth edition he adds, " But the expression often used by Mr. Herbert Spencer, of the Survival of the Fittest, is more accurate, and is sometimes equally convenient.

Darwin emphasizes that he used the phrase " struggle for existence " in " a large and metaphorical sense, including dependence of one being on another "; he gives examples ranging from plants struggling against drought to plants competing for birds to eat their fruit and disseminate their seeds.

Darwin objected to his ideas being used to justify military aggression and unethical business practices as he believed morality was part of fitness in humans, and he opposed polygenism, the idea that human races were fundamentally distinct and did not share a recent common ancestry.

In his teens he taught himself German, eventually becoming fluent and used by Charles Darwin as a translator of scientific material in German.

There is no real difference in the genetic processes underlying artificial and natural selection, and the concept of artificial selection was used by Charles Darwin as an illustration of the wider process of natural selection.

Darwin currently includes support for the 64-bit variant of the Intel x86 processors used in the Mac as well as the 32-bit ARM processors used in the iPhone, iPod Touch, iPad and the second and third generation Apple TV.

Only in later editions of his works did Darwin used the term " evolution.

That the Bonheur family was renowned as a family of artists is attested to by the fact that Francis Galton, the cousin of Charles Darwin used the Bonheurs as an example of " Hereditary Genius " in his 1869 essay of the same title.

Charles Darwin used the nomenclature Inuus ecaudalus in writing of the Barbary ape, now classified as Macaca sylvanus.

Finally in 1840 Beach's grandson, Dr. Darwin Crary, invented the first inclined chute to be used for the coal industry, which sent coal to the canal down the mountain.

The scale that carries Beaufort's name had a long and complex evolution, from the previous work of others, including Daniel Defoe the century before, to when Beaufort was a top administrator in the Royal Navy in the 1830s when it was adopted officially and first used during the voyage of Charles Darwin on HMS Beagle.

* The Right Worshipful — all other Lord Mayors and Mayors of cities and the original Cinque Ports ( United Kingdom ), and ( rarely used nowadays ) Lord Mayors of Darwin, Newcastle and Wollongong and Mayor of Geelong in Australia

The translators of the day used the word " development " from the French " développement ", as opposed to " evolution " as this was used by Darwin.

While the Spanish names are official, many users ( especially ecological researchers ) continue to use the older English names, principally because those were the names used when Charles Darwin visited.

In Australia, the term " capital cities " is regularly used, to refer to the aforementioned state capitals plus the federal capital Canberra and Darwin, the capital of the Northern Territory.

Selective breeding was used by Darwin as a springboard to introduce the theory of natural selection, and to support it.

Darwin found two essential problems or shortcomings of the commonly used light carriage or Hungarian carriage.

" Creationists use the term Darwinism, often pejoratively, to imply that the theory has been held as true only by Darwin and a core group of his followers, whom they cast as dogmatic and inflexible in their belief.

Darwin did not use the term in Origin of Species until its sixth edition in 1872, ( though earlier editions did use the word " evolved ") by which time Herbert Spencer had given it scientific currency with a broad definition of progression in complexity in 1862.

The modern field and term were first formulated by Sir Francis Galton in 1883, drawing on the recent work of his half-cousin Charles Darwin.

While he did not originate the term, Charles Darwin identified the argument as a possible way to falsify a prediction of the theory of evolution at the outset.

The term was introduced by Darwin in his groundbreaking 1859 book On the Origin of Species, in which natural selection was described by analogy to artificial selection, a process by which animals and plants with traits considered desirable by human breeders are systematically favored for reproduction.

The term " natural selection " was popularized by Charles Darwin who intended it to be compared with artificial selection, what we now call selective breeding.

The term was introduced by Darwin in his influential 1859 book On the Origin of Species, in which natural selection was described as analogous to artificial selection, a process by which animals and plants with traits considered desirable by human breeders are systematically favored for reproduction.

Huxley wanted science to be secular, without religious interference, and his article in the April 1860 Westminster Review promoted scientific naturalism over natural theology, praising Darwin for " extending the domination of Science over regions of thought into which she has, as yet, hardly penetrated " and coining the term " Darwinism " as part of his efforts to secularise and professionalise science.

Many of those whom subsequent centuries term evolutionary biologists read him, notably Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace, for each of whom Malthusianism became an intellectual stepping-stone to the idea of natural selection.

The term was utilized by Charles Darwin in contrast to natural selection, in which the differential reproduction of organisms with certain traits is attributed to improved survival or reproductive ability (“ Darwinian fitness ”).

Charles Darwin coined the term as an illustration of his proposed wider process of natural selection.

Fine structure arises from relativistic kinetic energy corrections, spin-orbit coupling ( an electrodynamic interaction between the electron's spin and motion and the nucleus's electric field ) and the Darwin term ( contact term interaction of s-shell electrons inside the nucleus ).

In the final chapter of his Evolution the modern synthesis he defines evolutionary progress as " a raising of the upper level of biological efficiency, this being defined as increased control over and independence of the environment ," Evolution in action discusses evolutionary progress at length: " Natural selection plus time produces biological improvement ... ' Improvement ' is not yet a recognised technical term in biology ... however, living things are improved during evolution ... Darwin was not afraid to use the word for the results of natural selection in general ...

* He coined the term " Darwin machine " in " The brain as a Darwin Machine " in Nature ( 1987 ).

In his first ( 1859 ) edition of On the Origin of Species, Charles Darwin wrote of " humble-bees " ( a now-disused term for bumblebees ; see the etymology section below in this article for more information ) and their interactions with other species:

Johnson popularized the term " intelligent design " in his 1991 book, Darwin on Trial.

Charles Darwin was familiar with the concept of vestigial structures, though the term for them did not yet exist.

The term was coined by Charles Darwin in his On the Origin of Species, when discussing Ornithorhynchus ( the platypus ) and Lepidosiren ( the South American lungfish ):

A modern view of the ancient world, along with abandoning the term Antediluvian, came about with the works of Darwin and Agassiz in the 1860s.

The later fame of Ernst Haeckel eclipsed Darwin in some European countries, as the term " Haeckelism " was more common than Darwinism.