By 1860, wheat farms had been established from Encounter Bay in the south to Clare in the north.

By 1860 the largest slaveholder owned only 16 slaves.

By the 1860 census on the verge of the Civil War, 91. 7 percent of the black population, or nearly 20, 000 people, were free.

By 1860, England removed the last vestiges of the mercantile era.

By 1860 a dozen steamers were operating in the high water season along the Murray and its tributaries.

By 1860, when the first rumblings of secession began to be heard across the South, antebellum Nashville was a very prosperous city.

By 1860, 500, 000 slaves had grown to 4 million.

By 1860 the total number of slaves reached almost four million, and the American Civil War, beginning in 1861, led to the end of slavery in the United States.

By 1860, this " new engine " had already established a reputation for juvenile use in vandalism, as well as at least one human death.

By 1860, almost half a million people, roughly 31 % of the total population of Virginia, were enslaved.

By 1860 about half of the children between 5 and 15 were in school ( including Sunday school ).

By 1860 blacks ( nearly all slaves ) comprised 45 percent of the state's 964, 201 people.

By 1860 the population had grown to 380, 000.

By 1860 there was a telegraph station in Carson City, Nevada.

By petition of Rockville's citizens, the Maryland General Assembly incorporated the village on March 10, 1860.

By a treaty concluded in 1860 between the Sardinian king and Napoleon III, the County was again ceded to France as a territorial reward for French assistance in the Second Italian War of Independence against Austria, which saw Lombardy unified with Piedmont-Sardinia.

By 1860, the Southern states were providing two-thirds of the world ’ s supply of cotton, and up to 80 % of the crucial British market.

By 1860 approximately one in three Southerners was a slave.

By 1860, the total County population was 99, 000 and the largest city was Yonkers.

By 1870 the population in the states served by the Oregon Trail and its offshoots increased by about 350, 000 over their 1860 census levels.

By 1860, Denver City, Golden City, and Boulder City were substantial towns serving the mines.

By 1860, as many as 10, 000 prospectors had flocked to the town, then known as Mountain City, and surrounding prospects, but most soon left, many returning back east.

By 1860, he was working for wholesale grocers, for whom he handled freight transfers, especially dealing with railroads and steamboats.

By 1860 the Chinese were the largest immigrant group in California.

By the war's end, the U. S. government had obtained control of all of Cuba from Spain.

By population, it ranks 13th, having fewer inhabitants than Borneo or Sulawesi, but more than Salsette ( Mumbai ) or Cuba.

By that date, the following nations had deposited instruments of definitive adherence to the pact: Afghanistan, Albania, Austria, Bulgaria, China, Cuba, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Egypt, Estonia, Ethiopia, Finland, Guatemala, Hungary, Iceland, Latvia, Liberia, Lithuania, the Netherlands, Nicaragua, Norway, Panama, Peru, Portugal, Romania, the Soviet Union, the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, Siam, Spain, Sweden, and Turkey.

" As Ned Sublette points out though: " By the 1960s, with Cuba the object of a United States embargo that still remains in effect today, the island nation had been forgotten as a source of music.

By the time Mujib agreed to end support for Cuba, and the US began shipments of food to Bangladesh, it was " too late for famine victims ".

By this time mahogany from Cuba, Haiti and other West Indian sources was becoming increasingly difficult to obtain in commercial sizes, and by the late 20th century Central American and even South American mahogany was heading in a similar direction.

By 1910, it was included in Santa Clara Province, and then instead to Las Villas Province by 1961, but in 1976, it was re-assigned to Matanzas Province, when the original six provinces of Cuba were re-organized into 14 new Provinces of Cuba.

By the 1950s, Pfizer was established in Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Cuba, Iran, Mexico, Panama, Puerto Rico, Turkey and the United Kingdom.

By 1936, Lansky had established gambling operations in Florida, New Orleans, and Cuba.

After New York, the company toured the east coast of America, with continued success, and later took in Cuba and the southern states of the U. S. By early 1851, Lind had become uncomfortable with Barnum's relentless marketing of the tour, and she invoked a contractual right to sever her ties with him.

By 1908 he was stationed in Cuba and at Fort Oglethorpe, Georgia, a cavalry post in 1910.

By April 1960 Castro was accusing the company of aiding Cuban exiles and supporters of former leader Fulgencio Batista in initiating a seaborn invasion of Cuba directed from the United States.

By 31 October 1960, most guerrilla infiltrations and supply drops directed by the CIA into Cuba had failed, and developments of further guerrilla strategies were replaced by plans to mount an initial amphibious assault, with a minimum of 1, 500 men.

By this time, Marti was getting ready to prepare a campaign that would liberate Cuba.

By early 1960s, Soviet bloc provided more aid to Indonesia than to any other non-communist country, while Soviet military aid to Indonesia was only equalled by aid provided to Cuba.

By the late 1970s, Tolbert became increasingly open to overtures of economic assistance from Libya and Cuba.

By 1930 the United Fruit Company owned over one million acres of land in Guatemala, Honduras, Colombia, Panama, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Mexico and Cuba.

* " The Traumas of Unbelonging: Reinaldo Arenas's Recuperations of Cuba ," By: Laurie Vickroy, MELUS: The Journal of the Society for the Study of the Multi-Ethnic Literature of the United States, 2005 Winter ; 30 ( 4 ): 109-28.

By 1939 Bosch had gone to Cuba, where he directed an edition of the completed works of Eugenio María de Hostos, something that defined his patriotic and humanist ideals.

By 1931, it had three branches in Havana, and one branch each in Camagüey, Cienfuegos, Manzanillo, and Santiago de Cuba.

By 1961 the ICFI had split politically, the Internationalist Communist Party ( PCI ) in France and the Socialist Labour League ( SLL ) in Britain arguing that a workers ' state had not been created in Cuba, putting them at odds with the American SWP and the other organisations in the ICFI.

By the end of the 18th century, the region exported 30, 000 mules a year to the Antilles and salted meat for the 1. 5 million slaves there and in Cuba.

By now a full general ( as of February 19, 1864, one of only seven such men in the Confederacy ), he negotiated the surrender of his department — the only significant Confederate field army left — on May 26, 1865, and signed the terms of surrender in Galveston, Texas, on June 2, whence he fled to Mexico and then to Cuba to escape potential prosecution for treason.