Because agricultural activities are seasonal and the areas of production and harvest of many foods are widely scattered geographically, and because of the high cost of transporting bulk food items any substantial distance to a central processing location, the use of large central processing stations, where low-cost radiation facilities approaching the megawatt range might be utilized, is inherently impracticable.

The European Union has regulated processing of food by ionizing radiation in specific directives since 1999 ; the relevant documents and reports are accessible online.

" Dose " is the physical quantity governing the radiation processing of food, relating to the beneficial effects to be achieved.

In radiation processing of foods, the doses are generally measured in kilograys ( kGy, 1, 000 Gy ).

This may include radiation processing.

The AQIS announced on June 6, 2009 that the alternative of radiation processing for cat food is no longer acceptable and that irradiated dog food is required to be labeled " Must not be fed to cats ".

As with heat pasteurization ( for example, milk ), processing by ionizing radiation can contribute to eliminate pathogen risks from solid food ( example meat or lettuce ).

Under a HACCP-concept ( Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point ) radiation processing can serve and contribute as an ultimate critical control point before the food reaches the consumer.

" Ordinary " occupational safety regulations also apply to radiation processing facilities ; the radiation aspects are typically excluded and supervised by special authorities.

They assert that residual flora including pathogen germs always persist, and that processing by ionizing radiation could be the ultimate measure ( as a CCP under a HACCP-concept ) to practically eliminate such risks.

Pulse-Doppler signal processing increases the maximum detection distance using less radiation in close proximity to aircraft pilots, shipboard personnel, infantry, and artillery.

The dark material itself may have formed as a result of radiation processing of methane clathrates or radiation darkening of other organic compounds.

The genuine effect of processing food by ionizing radiation relates to damages to the DNA, the basic genetic information for life.

The specialty of processing food by ionizing radiation is the fact, that the energy density per atomic transition is very high, it can cleave molecules and induce ionization ( hence the name ) which cannot be achieved by mere heating.

There is a worldwide industry for processing by ionizing radiation, the majority by number and by processing power using accelerators.

The discovery of each successive element was made possible by the development of innovative techniques in robotic target handling, fast chemistry, efficient radiation detectors, and computer data processing.

The Bethlehem Steel workers have not been awarded this compensation because the radiation dose involved in processing fresh uranium fuel is low, and produces a small risk relative to the baseline risk.

The field includes the study of photosynthesis, photomorphogenesis, visual processing, circadian rhythms, bioluminescence, and ultraviolet radiation effects.

Kincumber Was once home to a Monazite processing plant that processed mineral sands that were mined in the local area, The plant was operated on the edge of kincumber industrial estate, and backed on to kincumber creek, the site " lot500 " now abandoned still retains higher than average levels of radiation and has been deemed unsafe to developed

Force Majeure had staged a radiation spill at the Northern Star uranium processing plant that forced hundreds of Northern Star employees to evacuate the plant.

In other words, as a steak burned to coal has lost its sensory and meat properties any over-irradiated food item will lose all of its desirable properties ; the radiation doses to cause toxic changes are much higher than the doses needed to accomplish the benefits of irradiation.

There will come a time in a basement shelter when the radiation has decayed enough to allow use of the whole basement.

A good example of the results obtainable with ultrasonic radiation is contained in papers presented by Dr. G. Baum who has explored the human eye.

Mars has been observed twice at about 3-cm wave length, and the intensity of the observed radiation is in reasonable agreement with the thermal radiation which might be predicted on the basis of the known temperature of Mars.

The low intensity of the radiation from Saturn has limited observations, but again the measured radiation seems to be consistent with a thermal origin.

It has been estimated that for applications on a megawatt scale costs might reach values in the neighborhood of 10 cents per kwhr for large-scale accelerators or for gamma radiation generated in a reactor core.

A number of causes are believed to be involved, including habitat destruction and modification, over-exploitation, pollution, introduced species, climate change, endocrine-disrupting pollutants, destruction of the ozone layer ( ultraviolet radiation has shown to be especially damaging to the skin, eyes, and eggs of amphibians ), and diseases like chytridiomycosis.

The RBE has been set at the value of 20 for alpha radiation by various government regulations.

In classical LS AAS, as it has been proposed by Alan Walsh, the high spectral resolution required for AAS measurements is provided by the radiation source itself that emits the spectrum of the analyte in the form of lines that are narrower than the absorption lines.

In LS AAS the high resolution that is required for the measurement of atomic absorption is provided by the narrow line emission of the radiation source, and the monochromator simply has to resolve the analytical line from other radiation emitted by the lamp.

The radiation, first observed in 1965 by Arno Penzias and Robert Woodrow Wilson, has a perfect thermal black-body spectrum.

Cosmological perturbation theory, which describes the evolution of slight inhomogeneities in the early universe, has allowed cosmologists to precisely calculate the angular power spectrum of the radiation, and it has been measured by the recent satellite experiments ( COBE and WMAP ) and many ground and balloon-based experiments ( such as Degree Angular Scale Interferometer, Cosmic Background Imager, and Boomerang ).

The candela is the luminous intensity, in a given direction, of a source that emits monochromatic radiation of frequency 540 hertz and that has a radiant intensity in that direction of watt per steradian.

Additional research has shown that subsequent to this elimination of ammonoids from the global biota, nautiloids began an evolutionary radiation into shell shapes and complexities theretofore known only from ammonoids .< ref >

It has a supermassive black hole at its core, which expels massive jets of matter that emit radio waves due to synchrotron radiation.

The region has weakened ultraviolet radiation, particularly the UVB ( erythrogenic rays ), and an atmosphere characterized by a high oxygen content due to the high barometric pressure.

Infrared radiation in the spectral distribution of a black body is usually considered a form of heat, since it has an equivalent temperature, and is associated with an entropy change per unit of thermal energy.

Despite this opinion among researchers, evidence has accumulated that supports the existence of complex biological effects of weaker non-thermal electromagnetic fields, ( including weak ELF magnetic fields, although the latter does not strictly qualify as EM radiation < ref >), and modulated RF and microwave fields.

The World Health Organization has classified radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation as a possible group 2b carcinogen.

It is found that increasing the intensity of the incident radiation ( so long as one remains in the linear regime ) increases only the number of electrons ejected, and has almost no effect on the energy distribution of their ejection.

This quantum picture of the electromagnetic field ( which treats it as analogous to harmonic oscillators ) has proved very successful, giving rise to quantum electrodynamics, a quantum field theory describing the interaction of electromagnetic radiation with charged matter.