Under the reign of the Ottonian rulers, the kingdom of the Eastern Franks finally became Germany with the conclusion of the unification of the duchies of Lorraine, Saxony, Franconia, Swabia, Thuringia and Bavaria into one empire.

Under the new rulers, however, it faced a certain decadence.

Under Apple Macintosh's classic Mac OS there was the native SimpleText, which was replaced under Mac OS X by TextEdit, which merges features of a text editor with those of a word processor such as rulers, margins and multiple font selection.

Under its new Sassanid rulers, Persia had grown into a rival superpower, and the Romans would have to make drastic reforms in order to better prepare their state for a confrontation.

Under the succeeding Kassite dynasty, shortly after the middle of the 2nd millennium, Ekur was restored once more to its former splendour, several monarchs of that dynasty built upon and adorned it, and thousands of inscriptions, dating from the time of those rulers, have been discovered in its archives.

Under the Prussian and German rule, the Polish population suffered from heavy Germanization by foreign rulers of their territory ; Polish farmers demanded Polish schools, and refused to teach their children German, German official Heinrich Mettenmeyer wrote that German appointed teachers were treated with highest disdain by Polish children and their parents

Under Ptolemy Soter, efforts were made to integrate Egyptian religion with that of their Hellenic rulers.

He claims to have no interest in the affairs of the world above, but occasionally intervenes to aid the oppressed, such as by giving salvaged treasure to Cretans who are revolting against their Turkish rulers and by saving ( both physically and financially ) a Ceylonese or Tamil pearl hunter who was the unfortunate victim of a diving accident, or by saving the castaways from drowning in Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea and covertly watching over the castaways in The Mysterious Island.

Under the Khagans were four rulers with the titles Arslan Ilig, Bughra Ilig, Arslan Tegin and Bughra Tegin.

Under the Hizb ut-Tahrir constitution, non-Muslims may not serve a caliph or any other ruling official, nor vote for these officials, but may be part of the majlis and voice " complaints in respect to unjust acts performed by the rulers or the misapplication of Islam upon them.

Under French colonial rule, the capital of the Republic of the Congo was named Brazzaville after him and the name was retained by the post-colonial rulers.

Under these foreign rulers, the Egyptians accommodated two new religions, Christianity and Islam, and a new language, Egyptian Arabic.

ISBN 0-7478-0638-1 </ ref > Under this theory, the Egyptian rulers of 13th Dynasty were unable to stop these new migrants from travelling to Egypt from Asia because they were weak kings who were struggling to cope with various domestic problems including possibly famine.

Under these two rulers, the shaivite cult was subsumed with the Vaishnavite cult in the temples such as the Thommaman, Beng, Melea, Chausey, Tevoda, Bantay Samre, and Angkor Vat.

Under Peter the Great and subsequent rulers, the Don Cossacks participated in numerous military campaigns, which resulted in the expansion of the Russian Empire from the Black Sea to the Baltic Sea.

Under the elective monarchy system of Malaysia, Sultan Iskandar was elected to be the new Yang Di-Pertuan Agong on 9 February 1984 by the council of rulers – shortly before his predecessor's term expired on 26 April 1984.

Under the independent rulers of Ardalan ( 9th – 14th / 14th – 19th cent.

Under the Adil Shahi rulers many literary works were published in Dakhani.

Under Communism ( 1944 – 89 ), Bulgaria's rulers worked to control rather than destroy the church.

Under articles I, II, IV, VI and VII of the treaty ’ s terms, Russia ’ s empress became the official and sole suzerain of Kartli-Kakheti ’ s rulers, guaranteeing the Georgians ’ internal sovereignty and territorial integrity, and promising to " regard their enemies as Her enemies "

Under the Chittagong Hill Tracts Regulation of 1900, the British Government of India recognizes three hereditary traditional rulers in the Chittagong Hill Tracts ( CHT ): the Mong Raja in Khagrachari, the Chakma Raja in Rangamati and the Bohmong Raja in Bandarban who were the vessels to Arakan in the past.

Under the eighth earl, the FitzGerald family reached pre-eminence as the virtual rulers of Ireland between 1477 and 1513.

Under Portuguese and Dutch rulers the prevailing system was changed and gradually the church started running elementary schools in villages.

Under the succeeding rulers al-Muizz ( 1001-1026 ), Hamman ( 1026-1039 ) and Dunas ( 1039 ) they consolidated their rule in northern and central Morocco.

Under the Comnenian dynasty ( 1081 – 1185 ), Byzantium staged a remarkable recovery.

Under his son and successor, Henry VI, the Hohenstaufen dynasty reached its apex.

Under the leadership of the Duguwa dynasty, the Zaghawa would eventually dominate the Sao, but not before adopting many of their customs.

Under the Almoravid dynasty and the Almohad dynasty, Morocco dominated the Maghreb and Muslim Spain.

Under the Saadi dynasty, Morocco would consolidate power and fight off Portuguese and Ottoman invaders, as in the battle of Ksar el Kebir.

Under the Catalan dynasty, the 12th century saw the construction of important cathedrals and abbeys in Provence, in a harmonious new style, the romanesque, which united the Gallo-Roman style of the Rhone Valley with the Lombard style of the Alps.

Under Al-Muizz Lideenillah, the Fatimids entered Egypt ( may refer Fatimid Egypt ) in the late 10th century, conquering the Ikhshidid dynasty, and founding a new capital at al-Qāhira ( Cairo ) in 969.

Under the Samanid dynasty ( 819 – 999 ), whose founder Saman Khuda of an Zoroastrian Sassanian Persian had converted to Islam, the city came to be known as Binkath.

Under the Ming dynasty, Chinese culture bloomed.

Under the Carolingian dynasty, the chief duty of the Neustrian king was to defend the sovereignty of the Franks over the Bretons.

Under the late Ming dynasty and the Qing dynasty that followed it, Zhejiang's ports were important centers of international trade.

Under the Ming dynasty, Shaanxi was incorporated into Gansu but was again separated in the Qing dynasty.

Under the Bourbons dynasty of the Kingdom of Two Sicilies, Taormina did not have a relevant role ; however, it obtained an easier access when part of the Catrabico promontory was partially cut and a seaside road connecting it to Messina and Catania was created.

Under the Achaemenid dynasty Merv is mentioned as being a place of some importance: under the name of Margu it occurs as part of one of the satrapies in the Behistun inscriptions ( ca 515 BC ) of the Persian monarch Darius Hystaspis.

Under the Ur III dynasty, Umma became an important provincial center.

Under Gaozu's reign, the influence of Confucianism increased and gradually replaced Legalism, which dominated and prevailed in the previous dynasty.

Under Emperor Xuan, the Han dynasty prospered economically and militarily.

Under the Qing dynasty, the Board of Public Censors consisted of forty or fifty members, and two presidents, one of Manchu ancestry and the other of Chinese ancestry.

Under Queen Ranavalona III, the final monarch in the Merina dynasty, there were three official groups of state musicians: one for the queen, one for her prime minister, and another for the city of Antananarivo.