Up to the twelfth or thirteenth century, the duty of the Apostolic-or Roman Chancery was to prepare and expedite the pontifical letters and writs for collation of church dignities and other matters of grave importance which were discussed and decided in Consistory.

Their works became more widely known in Europe in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, beginning with the Latin translation of Jābir ’ s Kitab al-Kimya in 1144.

However, because al-Rammah attributes his material to " his father and forefathers ", al-Hassan argues that gunpowder became prevalent in Syria and Egypt by " the end of the twelfth century or the beginning of the thirteenth ".

There was a very large slave market in Acre which functioned throughout the twelfth and thirteenth centuries.

The number and importance of the lordships varied throughout the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, and many cities were part of the royal domain.

These details include full cheeks, realistic wrinkles around the eyes and across the brow, and a red, full-lipped mouth that hints at the Gothic affectations in figural representation coming out of France during the late twelfth and early thirteenth centuries.

As Arab contact with the West expanded, so too did the game and its various permutations, and by the twelfth century, chess was becoming an entertaining diversion among a growing population of Europeans, including some scholars, clergy, the aristocracy, and the merchant classes ; thus, by the thirteenth century, the iconography and symbolism associated with chess would have been accessible and familiar to Alfonso and his literate court culture, who may have had access to the private library, and manuscripts, of Alfonso, including the Libro de juegos.

As for the word Provençal, it should not be taken as strictly meaning the language of Provence but of Occitania as a whole, as, " in the eleventh, the twelfth, and sometimes also the thirteenth centuries, one would understand under the name of Provence the whole territory of the old Provincia Romana and even Aquitaine ".

The tax was frequently levied on English Jews during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries.

The twelfth, thirteenth and sixteenth amendments to the constitution changed the borders of seven of the provinces.

This idea was the basis of the " soporific sponge " (" sleep sponge "), introduced by the Salerno school of medicine in the late twelfth century and by Ugo Borgognoni ( 1180-1258 ) in the thirteenth century.

The succeeding variety of Early northern Middle English spoken in southeastern Scotland, also known as Early Scots, began to diverge from that of Northumbria due to twelfth and thirteenth century immigration of Scandinavian-influenced Middle English-speakers from the North and Midlands of England.

During the twelfth and thirteenth dynasties ( 1991 BC-1650 BC ), the cult of Sobek was given particular prominence and a number of rulers incorporated him in their coronation names.

Two castles-Castle Oud Haerlem and Castle Heemskerk-were built in the twelfth and thirteenth century respectively to protect the County of Holland against the West Frisians.

The twelfth, thirteenth, and fourteenth books are largely based on the writings of Pliny and Solinus ; whilst the lost Prata of Suetonius, which can be partly pieced together from its quoted passages in Etymolgiae, seems to have inspired the general plan of the " Etymologiae ", as well as many of its details.

It was not until the revival of monumental panel painting in Italy during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, that the image of the Madonna gains prominence outside of Rome, especially throughout Tuscany.

During most of the twelfth century and the early thirteenth century, the south Lincolnshire fens were afforested.

The twelfth and thirteenth volumes of the reports were thus based on fragments of notes several decades old, and not on Coke's original manuscript.

Hubert Walter ( c. 1160 – 13 July 1205 ) was an influential royal adviser in the late twelfth and early thirteenth centuries in the positions of Chief Justiciar of England, Archbishop of Canterbury, and Lord Chancellor.

Variations in the name are recorded throughout the medieval period and the river appears as Amele in Domesday Book and subsequently as Emele in twelfth and thirteenth century Court Roles.

Austria is home to several large-scale granges built by the Cistercian order in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries.

The Annali Genovesi mentions galleons of 80, 64 and 60 oars used for speed in battle and on missions of exploration, in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries.

Towards the end of the twelfth century, the power of the O ' Fogarty clan began to wane and by the early part of the thirteenth century, the Norman family of Butler came to be the most powerful.

" The authors of the book go on to note that " Those Uzes or Torks who settled along the Russian frontier were gradually Slavicized though they also played a leading role as cavalry in twelfth and early thirteenth century Russian armies where they were known as Black Hats .... Oghuz warriors served in almost all Islamic armies of the Middle East from the eleventh century onwards, in Byzantium from the ninth century, and even in Spain and Morocco.

After a hiatus of several centuries, formal commentary by Eustratius and Michael of Ephesus reappears in the late eleventh and early twelfth centuries, apparently sponsored by Anna Comnena

The full flowering of the medieval labyrinth came about from the twelfth through fourteenth centuries with the grand pavement labyrinths of the gothic cathedrals, notably Chartres, Reims and Amiens in northern France.

As archaeologist Robert Liddiard explains " Pitched battles, particularly in the eleventh and twelfth centuries, were rare.

In the Viking colony of Iceland, an extraordinary vernacular literature blossomed in the twelfth to 14th centuries, and many traditions connected with the Viking Age were written down for the first time in the Icelandic sagas.

Accounts of the event have survived in which Aethelberht is killed through the machinations of Offa's wife Cynethryth, but the earliest manuscripts in which these possibly legendary accounts are found date from the eleventh and twelfth centuries, and recent historians do not regard them with confidence.

Queen Sobekneferu of the twelfth dynasty is known to have assumed formal power as ruler of " Upper and Lower Egypt " three centuries earlier than Hatshepsut.

During the eleventh and twelfth centuries, Boston grew into a notable town and port The quinzieme was a duty raised on the fifteenth part ( 6. 667 %) of the value of merchants ' moveable goods at the various trading towns of England.

Considerable influence on the development and spread of Masoretic literature was exercised during the eleventh, twelfth, and 13th centuries by the Franco-German school of Tosafists.

However, Brown and Gilman note that it was only between the twelfth and fourteenth centuries that the norms for the use of T-and V-forms crystallized.

* Settlement patterns in the early historic kingdom of Leinster ( seventh-mid twelfth centuries ), Mark Clinton, in Seanchas: Studies in Early and Medieval Irish Archaeology, History and Literature in Honour of Francis John Byrne, ed.

Those who believe that the stories of the Trojan War derive from a specific historical conflict usually date it to the twelfth or eleventh centuries BC, often preferring the dates given by Eratosthenes, 1194 – 1184 BC, which roughly correspond with archaeological evidence of a catastrophic burning of Troy VIIa.

This probably indicates, as the preface to the Gesta suggests, that conflicting oral legends about Hereward were already current in the Fenland in the late eleventh and early twelfth centuries.

** County of Pallars Jussà ( Lower Pallars ), a county in the Hispanic March during the eleventh and twelfth centuries

** County of Pallars Sobirà ( Upper Pallars ), a county in the Hispanic March during the eleventh and twelfth centuries

Costumes of slaves or serfs, from the sixth to the twelfth centuries, collected by H. de Vielcastel from original documents in European libraries.

An early market economy and an early form of mercantilism, sometimes called " Islamic capitalism ", were developed between the eighth and twelfth centuries.

In one study, conducted by Dr. A James Giannini at Ohio State University an increased interest in feet as sexual objects was observed during the great gonorrhea epidemic of twelfth century Europe, and the syphilis epidemics of the 16th and 19th centuries in Europe.

Although the liar paradox was well known in antiquity, interest seems to have lapsed until the twelfth century, when it appears to have been reinvented independently of ancient authors.

The most remarkable period of historical writing was during the High Middle Ages in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, when English chronicles produced works with a variety of interest, wealth of information and amplitude of range.