According to Maimonides, an afterlife continues for the soul of every human being, a soul now separated from the body in which it was " housed " during its earthly existence.

Encouraged, however, by letters signed by the rabbis of Argentière and Lunel, and particularly by the support of Kalonymus ben Todros, the nasi of Narbonne, and of the eminent Talmudist Asheri of Toledo, Ben Adret issued a decree, signed by thirty-three rabbis of Barcelona, excommunicating those who should, within the next fifty years, study physics or metaphysics before their thirtieth year of age ( basing his action on the principle laid down by Maimonides, Guide for the Perplexed part one chapter 34 ), and had the order promulgated in the synagogue on Sabbath, July 26, 1305.

Maimonides, a twelfth century rabbi, discusses Job in his work The Guide for the Perplexed.

Maimonides was concerned about the need for the law to guard itself in public perceptions, to preserve its majesty and retain the people's respect.

Certain Jewish thinkers, such as Maimonides, believed that concubines are strictly reserved for kings, and thus that a commoner may not have a concubine ; indeed, such thinkers argued that commoners may not engage in any type of sexual relations outside of a marriage.

Maimonides was not the first Jewish thinker to criticise concubinage ; for example, it is severely condemned in Leviticus Rabbah.

As early as the 2nd century, however, some authorities declared this resurrection of the dead was a prophetic vision: an opinion regarded by Maimonides ( Guide for the Perplexed, II: 46 ) and his followers as the only rational explanation of the Biblical passage.

* The Mishneh Torah ( also known as the Yad HaHazaka for its 14 volumes ; " yad " has a numeric value of 14 ), by Maimonides ( Rambam ; 1135 – 1204 ).

This includes manuscript material for his books Guide to Jewish Religious Practice ( 1979 ), The Ten Commandments in a Changing World ( 1963 ), The Anguish and the Ecstasy of a Jewish Chaplain ( 1974 ), and his translation of The Code of Maimonides ( Mishneh Torah ): Book 7, The Book of Agriculture ( 1979 ).

His esteem for Maimonides knew no bounds: he placed him next to the Prophets, and he exhibited little patience with Maimonides ' critics and detractors.

Graetz also suggests the possibility that Anatoli, in conjunction with Michael Scot, may have translated Maimonides ' Guide for the Perplexed into Latin ; but this suggestion has not yet been sufficiently proved ( compare Steinschneider, " Hebr.

Mosheh ben Maimon ( משה בן מימון )‎, called Moses Maimonides and also known as Mūsā ibn Maymūn (), or RaMBaM ( רמב " ם – Hebrew acronym for " Rabbi Mosheh Ben Maimon "), was a preeminent medieval Jewish philosopher and one of the most prolific and followed Torah scholars and physicians of the Middle Ages.

With the loss of the family funds tied up in David's business venture, Maimonides was constrained to assume the vocation of physician, for which he was to become famous, having been trained in medicine in both Córdoba and in Fes.

Maimonides displayed in his interactions with patients attributes that today would be called intercultural awareness and respect for the patient's autonomy.

The office of Nagid was held by the Maimonides family for four successive generations until the end of the 14th century.

The intensity of debate spurred Catholic Church interventions against " heresy " and even a general confiscation of Rabbinic texts and in reaction, the defeat of the more radical interpretations of Maimonides and at least amongst Ashkenazi Jews, a tendency not so much to repudiate as simply to ignore the specifically philosophical writings and to stress instead the Rabbinic and halachic writings ; even these writings often included considerable philosophical chapters or discussions in support of halachic observance, as David Hartman observes Maimonides made clear " the traditional support for a philosophical understanding of God both in the Aggadah of Talmud and in the behavior of the hasid pious Jew " and so Maimonidean thought continues to influence traditionally observant Jews.

Towards the end of the period of Crusader rule, in 1166 Maimonides visited Hebron, which he apparently thought lay east of Jerusalem, and wrote ,' On Sunday, 9 Marheshvan ( 17 October ), I left Jerusalem for Hebron to kiss the tombs of my ancestors in the Cave.

His early education was cared for by his father and by the local rabbi, David Fränkel, who besides teaching him the Bible and Talmud, introduced to him the philosophy of Maimonides.

Moses Maimonides wrote that " by virtue of the existence of the Creator everything exists " and argues in his 12th-century Guide for the Perplexed ( 2: 13 ) that " time itself is part of creation " and that therefore, " when God is described as existing before the creation of the universe, the notion of time should not be understood in its normal sense.

Rabbi Joseph Albo, for instance, in Sefer Ha-Ikkarim counts three principles of faith, while Maimonides lists thirteen.

While some later rabbis have attempted to reconcile the differences, claiming that Maimonides ' principles are covered by Albo's much shorter list, alternate lists provided by other medieval rabbinic authorities seem to indicate some level of tolerance for varying theological perspectives.

Importantly, Maimonides, while enumerating the above, added the following caveat " There is no difference between Biblical statement ' his wife was Mehithabel ' 10, 6 on the one hand an " unimportant " verse, and ' Hear, O Israel ' on the other an " important " verse ... anyone who denies even such verses thereby denies God and shows contempt for his teachings more than any other skeptic, because he holds that the Torah can be divided into essential and non-essential parts ..." The uniqueness of the 13 fundamental beliefs was that even a rejection out of ignorance placed one outside Judaism, whereas the rejection of the rest of Torah must be a conscious act to stamp one as an unbeliever.

According to Maimonides, the correct view of providence lies with Elihu, who teaches Job that one must examine his religion ().

He believed, according to Maimonides, that one has to practice religion in a rational way.

According to Maimonides, any Jew who rejects even one of these principles would be considered an apostate and a heretic.

Owing to this intimate connection with the ibn Tibbons, Anatoli was introduced to the philosophy of Maimonides, the study of which was such a great revelation to him that he, in later days, referred to it as the beginning of his intelligent and true comprehension of the Scriptures, while he frequently alluded to Ibn Tibbon as one of the two masters who had instructed and inspired him.

The belief in a personal Messiah of the Davidic line is a universal tenet of faith among Orthodox Jews and one of Maimonides ' thirteen principles of faith.

Maimonides and his wife, the daughter of one Mishael ben Yeshayahu Halevi, had one child, Avraham, who was recognized as a great scholar, and who succeeded him as Nagid and as court physician at the age of eighteen.

But Maimonides was also one of the most influential figures in medieval Jewish philosophy.

* Rabbi Samson of Sens ( France ) was, apart from Maimonides, one of the few rabbis of the early medieval era to compose a Mishnah commentary on some tractates.

Belief in the eventual coming of a future messiah is a fundamental part of Judaism, and is one of Maimonides ' 13 Principles of Faith.

Maimonides ruled that a woman who found her husband " repugnant " could compel a divorce, " because she is not like a captive, to be subjected to intercourse with one who is hateful to her.

In a 1989 survey of 126 US medical schools, only three reported usage of the original oath, while thirty-three used the Declaration of Geneva, sixty-seven used a modified Hippocratic oath, four used the Prayer of Maimonides, one used a covenant, eight used another oath, one used an unknown oath, and two did not use any kind of oath.

This work was so important in Jewish law that Yosef Karo included the ROSH together with Maimonides and Isaac Alfasi as one of the three major poskim ( decisors ) considered in determining the final ruling in his Shulkhan Arukh.

Maimonides rules that one who becomes angry is as though that person had worshipped idols.

Maimonides writes that to the wise man, one sees that what the Bible and Talmud refer to as " angels " are actually allusions for the various laws of nature ; they are the principles by which the physical universe operates.

He pioneered the Maimonides School, one of the first Hebrew day schools in Boston in 1937.

Maimonides ( 1135 – 1204 ) was one of the greatest scholars of the Middle Ages, and is arguably one of the most widely accepted scholars among the Jewish people since the closing of the Talmud in 500.

This was followed in 1655 by the Porta Mosis, extracts from the Arabic commentary of Maimonides on the Mishnah, with translation and very learned notes ; and in 1656 by the annals of Eutychius in Arabic and Latin.

He made notes on the work of Moses Maimonides.

In regards to kol isha specifically, he notes that R. Yaakov Weinberg cites Maimonides Hilkhot Isurei Bi ’ a ( Laws of Forbidden Sexual Relations ) 21: 2, in which Maimonides states that " one who looks even at a woman ’ s little finger with the intent to derive pleasure is as if he looked at her privates and even to hear the voice of a forbidden woman or to see her hair is forbidden.

* Crisis and Leadership: epistles of Maimonides ; texts translated and notes by Abraham Halkin ; discussions by David Hartman.

* De Jure Pauperis et Peregrini, & c., Oxford, 1679, ( edition of the Hebrew of Maimonides, with a Latin version and notes ).

** Notes on Maimonides ' Mishneh Torah: Binah la-Ittim and Chiddushim al Hilkot Yom Tov both dealing with the holy days, and both published by his students, based on notes taken from his lectures ; Bene Ahuvah on the matrimonial laws.