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* 1377 – Pope Gregory XI moves the Papacy back to Rome from Avignon.
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1377 and –
* 1377 – More than 2, 000 people of the Italian city of Cesena are slaughtered by Papal Troops ( Cesena Bloodbath ).
Edward III reigned 1327 – 1377, restored royal authority and went on to transform the Kingdom of England into the most efficient military power in Europe.
A group of gentry active during the reign of Richard II ( 1377 – 99 ) were known as " Lollard Knights " either during or after their lives due to their acceptance of Wycliffe's claims.
During the period when the papacy resided in Avignon, France ( 1309 – 1377 ), the feudal lords ' power increased due to the absence of the Pope from Rome.
* 1377 – Pope Gregory XI issues five papal bulls to denounce the doctrines of English theologian John Wycliffe.
; King ’ s Hostel ( 1377 – 1416, various architects ): Located to the north of Great Court, behind the Clock Tower, this is ( along with the King ’ s Gate ), the sole remaining building from King ’ s Hall.
* Filippo Brunelleschi ( 1377 – 1446 ), invents one-point perspective, leads innovation in Italian architecture.
1377 and Pope
Pope Gregory XI's return to Rome in 1377, followed by his death and the controversial election of his successor, Pope Urban VI, resulted in the defection of a number of cardinals and the election of a rival pope based at Avignon in 1378.
It was under these conditions that Pope Gregory XI, who in January, 1377, had gone from Avignon to Rome, sent on 22 May five copies of his bull against Wycliffe, dispatching one to the Archbishop of Canterbury, and the others to the Bishop of London, King Edward III, the Chancellor, and the university ; among the enclosures were 18 theses of his, which were denounced as erroneous and dangerous to Church and State.
He was the second Pope of the Avignon Papacy ( 1309 – 1377 ), elected by a conclave in Lyon assembled by King Philip V of France.
In 1309 the city, still part of the Kingdom of Arles, was chosen by Pope Clement V as his residence, and from 9 March 1309 until 13 January 1377 was the seat of the Papacy instead of Rome.
In 1377, Hawkwood led the destruction of Cesena by mercenary armies, acting in the name of Pope Gregory XI.
Avignon Pope Clement VII | Robert of Geneva, future Avignon Pope Clement VII, the commander of papal forces until 1377
In 1377, Cardinal Robert of Geneva ( future Avignon Pope Clement VII ) led the army of Gregory XI in an attempt to quell the revolt, and Gregory XI himself returned to Italy to secure his Roman possessions, de facto ending the Avignon Papacy.
1377 and Gregory
Finally, on September 13, 1376 Gregory XI abandoned Avignon and moved his court to Rome ( arriving January 17, 1377 ), officially ending the Avignon Papacy.
The tiara was kept in the Papal Treasury at Avignon until Gregory XI took it back to Rome, which he entered on 17th January 1377.
Hawkwood honored his agreement with the Florentines not to make war in Tuscany, limiting himself to putting down the various rebellions within the papal states ; in 1377 Hawkwood abandoned Gregory XI entirely and joined the anti-papal coalition.
Gregory XI's other condottieri also limited their acitivities to Romagna, notably sacking Cesena in February 1377.
1377 and Papacy
This period from 1309 – 1377 – the Avignon Papacy – was also called the Babylonian Captivity of exile, in reference to the Israelites ' enslavement in biblical times.
The Avignon Papacy was the period from 1309 to 1377 during which seven French popes, resided in Avignon.
The practice again increased during the Avignon Papacy ( 1309 – 1377 ) and especially during the Papal Schism ( 1378 – 1417 ), when the papal claimants gave numerous abbeys in commendam in order to increase the number of their adherents.
1377 and back
Other writers ( including Joseph Schumpeter ) have traced back the concept even further to Ibn Khaldun, who in his Muqaddimah ( 1377 ), described labor as the source of value, necessary for all earnings and capital accumulation, obvious in the case of craft.
By the time of the death of Edward III in 1377, English forces had been pushed back into their territories in the southwest around Bordeaux.
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