During the period of the Iberian Union ( 1580 – 1640 ), Portugal lost influence and power and made new enemies.

* 1580 – One of the largest earthquakes recorded in the history of England, Flanders, or Northern France, takes place.

* 1580 – Alonso Mudarra, Spanish composer

* 1580 – Battle of Alcântara.

* 1580 – Thomas Middleton, English dramatist ( d. 1627 )

# Albert Frederick of Prussia ( 1 June – 8 October 1580 ).

File: Indischer Maler um 1615 ( I ) 001. jpg | Portrait of Ibrâhîm ' Âdil Shâh II ( 1580 – 1626 ), Mughal Empire of India, 1615 AD

*** House of Aviz ( 1385 – 1580 ) – illegitimate male-line descent from the Capetian Dynasty

* 1580 – Nicolas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc, French astronomer ( d. 1637 )

* 1580 – Giovanni Morone, Italian cardinal ( b. 1509 )

In February 1577, it was rumoured that Oxford's sister Mary would marry Lord Gerald Fitzgerald ( 1559 – 1580 ), but by 2 July, she was linked with Peregrine Bertie, later Lord Willoughby d ' Eresby.

* Daniel Heinsius, scholar of the Dutch Renaissance ( 1580 – 1655 )

* Snellius ( Willebrord Snel van Royen ) 1580 – 1626, Leiden ( Netherlands )

A map of the Spanish and Portuguese Empires in the period of Iberian Union under the personal union of the Spanish monarchs ( 1580 – 1640 ).

* Kings of Portugal ( 1580 – 1640 ),

After returning, Alafin Orompoto ( c. 1560 – 1580 ) built up an army based on heavily armed cavalry and long-service troops.

* John Young ( Regius Professor ) ( 1514 – 1580 ), English Catholic clergyman and academic

* 1509 – Giovanni Morone, Italian cardinal ( d. 1580 )

* 1580 – Johann Stobäus, German composer ( d. 1646 )

* 1528 – Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy ( d. 1580 )

* 1580 – Philip II of Spain declares William the Silent to be an outlaw.

* 1580 – The Ostrog Bible, one of the early printed Bibles in a Slavic language, is published.

* 1580 – ( baptised ) John Smith of Jamestown ( d. 1631 )

Portugal's position in Europe suffered a major change in 1580 when the Kingdoms of Spain and Portugal were united by a personal union under King Philip, creating the Iberian Union which lasted until 1640.

* January 31 – King Henry of Portugal ( d. 1580 )

* Anne de Pisseleu d ' Heilly ( 1508 – 1580 ): last official mistress of King Francis I of France

Other possible sources are the anonymous play King Leir ( published in 1605 ); A Mirror for Magistrates ( 1574 ), by John Higgins ; The Malcontent ( 1604 ), by John Marston ; The London Prodigal ( 1605 ); Arcadia ( 1580 – 1590 ), by Sir Philip Sidney, from which Shakespeare took the main outline of the Gloucester subplot ; Montaigne's Essays, which were translated into English by John Florio in 1603 ; An Historical Description of Iland of Britaine, by William Harrison ; Remaines Concerning Britaine, by William Camden ( 1606 ); Albion's England, by William Warner, ( 1589 ); and A Declaration of egregious Popish Impostures, by Samuel Harsnett ( 1603 ), which provided some of the language used by Edgar while he feigns madness.

In 1580, Portugal came under the sovereignty of the King of Spain.

* Emanuele Filiberto, Duke of Savoy ( 8 July 1528-30 August 1580 ), married Marguerite, Duchess of Berry, sister of Henri II, King of France

The treaty was rendered meaningless between 1580 and 1640 while the Spanish King was also King of Portugal.

Later, in his Apology ( 1580 ), William stated that his resolve to oppose the King's policies had originated in June 1559, when, during a hunting trip to the Bois de Vincennes together with the duke of Alva and King Henry II of France, to whom both had been sent as hostages to ensure the proper fulfilment of the conditions of the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis following the Hispano-French war, the latter two had openly discussed a secret understanding between Philip and Henry which aimed at the extermination of the Protestants in both France and the Netherlands ; William at that time had kept silent, but had decided for himself that he would not allow the slaughter of so many innocent subjects.

Between 1580 and 1640, the King of Portugal, who was also King of Spain, appointed Viceroys to govern Portugal, as the king had multiple realms throughout Europe and delegated his powers to various viceroys.

Henry ( ; 31 January 1512 – 31 January 1580 ) was King of Portugal and the Algarves.

One of the closest dynastic claimants was King Philip II of Spain who, in November 1580, sent the Duke of Alba to claim Portugal by force.

In 1580, a succession crisis led to Portugal forming a personal union with Spain under the Habsburg King Philip II.

But the stumbling block of Hormuz remained, a port which had fallen into Spanish hands when the King of Spain inherited the throne of Portugal in 1580.

This reference has since been considered a convenient addition to the first edition, certainly not made by Frutuoso, with the purpose of flattering King Philip II of Spain ( Philip I of Portugal ), during the period in which Portugal was in a personal union with the Spanish crown ( 1580 – 1640 ).

Around 1580, King John III of Sweden, who had previously ( 1556 – 63 ) been the Duke of Finland ( a royal duke ), assumed the subsidiary title Grand prince of Finland (, to the titles of the King of Sweden, first appearing is sources in 1581 ( though first used by John III 1577 ).

Among eminent men who have been associated with the cathedral – besides those who have already been mentioned – are Robert of Gloucester, the chronicler, prebendary in 1291 ; Nicholas of Hereford, chancellor in 1377, a remarkable man and leader of the Lollards at Oxford ; John Carpenter, town clerk of London who baptized there on December 18, 1378 ; Polydore Vergil, prebendary in 1507, a celebrated literary man, as indeed with such a name he ought to have been ; and Miles Smith, prebendary in 1580, promoted to the See of Gloucester – one of the translators of the Authorized King James Version of the Bible.

Thus, the parishes of Boal, Serandinas and Doiras were redeemed in 1580, starting to have the jurisdictional status of " realengo " ( directly depending on the King ).

The dynastic crisis ( 1580 ), caused by the ascension of King Philip II of Spain ( King Philip I of Portugal ) had consequences on the island, since gentry supported ( along with those on Terceira ) the pretender to the throne, D. António, Prior of Crato.

Though King Philip of Spain became the King of Portugal in 1580, the Portuguese navy was still involved in several conflicts, and maintained an important role in the fight against pirates.