Electrons that are bound to atoms possess a set of stable energy levels, or orbitals, and can undergo transitions between them by absorbing or emitting photons that match the energy differences between the levels.

Electrons are bound by electromagnetic wave mechanics into orbitals around atomic nuclei to form atoms, which are the building blocks of molecules.

Electrons remain bound to atoms but are able to transfer to adjacent atoms.

Electrons from ionized atoms interact mainly with neutral atoms, causing thermal bremsstrahlung radiation.

Electrons in atoms and molecules can change ( make transitions in ) energy levels by emitting or absorbing a photon ( of electromagnetic radiation ) whose energy must be exactly equal to the energy difference between the two levels.

Electrons are one of the components of atoms, alongside protons and neutrons.

Electrons are not always shared equally between two bonding atoms ; one atom might exert more of a force on the electron cloud than the other.

Electrons in covalent bonds are split equally between the atoms involved in the bond.

Electrons normally exist in pairs in specific orbitals in atoms or molecules.

Electrons can be used in these situations, whereas X-rays cannot, because electrons interact more strongly with atoms than X-rays do.

Electrons do not penetrate as deeply into matter as X-rays, hence electron diffraction reveals structure near the surface ; neutrons do penetrate easily and have an advantage that they possess an intrinsic magnetic moment that causes them to interact differently with atoms having different alignments of their magnetic moments.

# Electrons ( negatively charged ) are knocked loose from their atoms, causing an electric potential difference.

Electrons can take on any energy within an unfilled band.

Electrons emitted at any point are accelerated a modest distance down the funnel before impacting the surface, perhaps on the opposite side of the funnel.

Electrons ( the other major component of the atom ) are leptons.

Electrons that belong to different molecules start " fleeing " and avoiding each other at the short intermolecular distances, which is frequently described as formation of " instantaneous dipoles " that attract each other.

Electrons within the conduction band are mobile charge carriers in solids, responsible for conduction of electric currents in metals and other good electrical conductors.

Electrons in non-bonding orbitals tend to be in deep orbitals ( nearly atomic orbitals ) associated almost entirely with one nucleus or the other, and thus they spend equal time between and not between nuclei.

Electrons can transfer from one band to the other by means of carrier generation and recombination processes.

Electrons from the cathode collide with the anode material, usually tungsten, molybdenum or copper, and accelerate other electrons, ions and nuclei within the anode material.

Electrons are taken from NADPH via TrxR and are transferred to the active site of Trx, which goes on to reduce protein disulfides or other substrates.

Electrons, within an electron shell around an atom, tend to distribute themselves as far apart from each other, within the given shell, as they can ( due to each one being negatively charged ).

Electrons and positrons can be discriminated from other charged particles using the emission of transition radiation, X-rays emitted when the particles cross many layers of thin materials.

Electrons can also be completely removed from a chemical species such as an atom, molecule, or ion.

Electrons in such a vacancy tend to absorb light in the visible spectrum such that a material that is usually transparent becomes colored.

Electrons move according to the cross product of the magnetic field and the electron propagation vector, such that, in an infinite uniform field moving electrons take a circular motion at a constant radius dependent upon electron velocity and field strength according to the following equation, which can be derived from circular motion:

Electrons in such orbitals are strongly localized and therefore easily retain their magnetic moments and function as paramagnetic centers.

The term " covalence " in regard to bonding was first used in 1919 by Irving Langmuir in a Journal of the American Chemical Society article entitled " The Arrangement of Electrons in Atoms and Molecules ".

Electrons are extracted from metal electrodes either by heating the electrode, causing thermionic emission, or by applying a strong electric field and causing field electron emission.

Electrons are responsible for emission of most EMR because they have low mass, and therefore are easily accelerated by a variety of mechanisms.

Electrons flow from the source terminal towards the drain terminal if influenced by an applied voltage.

Electrons move quite long distances through proteins by hopping along chains of these cofactors.

Electrons behave as beams of energy, and in the presence of a potential U ( z ), assuming 1-dimensional case, the energy levels ψ < sub > n </ sub >( z ) of the electrons are given by solutions to Schrödinger ’ s equation,

Electrons will be accelerated in the opposite direction to the electric field by the average electric field at their location.

Electrons can gain enough energy to jump to the conduction band by absorbing either a phonon ( heat ) or a photon ( light ).

Synchrotron radiation was named after its discovery in a General Electric synchrotron accelerator built in 1946 and announced in May 1947 by Frank Elder, Anatole Gurewitsch, Robert Langmuir, and Herb Pollock in a letter entitled " Radiation from Electrons in a Synchrotron ".

Electrons are usually generated in an electron microscope by a process known as thermionic emission from a filament, usually tungsten, in the same manner as a light bulb, or alternatively by field electron emission.

Electrons exiting the source cavity are velocity modulated by the electric field as they travel through the drift tube and emerge at the destination chamber in bunches, delivering power to the oscillation in the cavity.

Electrons are generated by a cold cathode, a hot cathode, a photocathode, or radio frequency ( RF ) ion sources.

Electrons ionized from the neutral gas are not useful in sustaining the negative corona process by generating secondary electrons for further avalanches, as the general movement of electrons in a negative corona is outward from the curved electrode.

Electrons follow the path indicated by the arrow and approach the sample at angle θ.

Electrons are produced by a cathode that is heated to about 1, 100 ° C ( 2, 000 ° F ).

* O. Klein and Y. Nishina, On the Scattering of Radiation by Free Electrons According to Dirac's New Relativistic Quantum Dynamics, The Oskar Klein Memorial Lectures, Vol.

* Elias, et al., " Observation of Stimulated Emission of Radiation by Relativistic Electrons in a Spatially Periodic Transverse Magnetic Field ", Phys.

The first serious attack by Einstein on the " orthodox " conception took place during the Fifth Solvay International Conference on Electrons and Photons in 1927.