Before the advent of printing, breviaries were written by hand and were often richly decorated with initials and miniature illustrations telling stories in the lives of Christ or the saints, or stories from the Bible.

Before the advent of rock and roll, concept albums had their original heyday in jazz of the early to mid ' 50s with artists such as Nat King Cole and Frank Sinatra, the latter of whom would record numerous concept albums for Capitol throughout the last half of the ' 50s such as In the Wee Small Hours, Come Fly with Me, Where Are You?

Before the advent of fast computing machines, solving a dynamical system required sophisticated mathematical techniques and could be accomplished only for a small class of dynamical systems.

Before the advent of government-funded public schools, the primary mode of education for those of the lower classes was the charity school, pioneered during the 19th century by Protestant organizations and adapted for use by the Roman Catholic Church and governmental bodies.

Before the advent of computer filter synthesis tools, graphical tools such as Bode plots and Nyquist plots were extensively used as design tools.

Before the advent of machine tools, metal was worked manually using the basic hand tools of hammers, files, scrapers, saws and chisels.

Before the advent of modern computers numerical methods often depended on hand interpolation in large printed tables.

Before the advent of copyright, anonymous and pseudonymous publication was a common practice in the sixteenth century publishing world, and a passage in the Arte of English Poesie ( 1589 ), the leading work of literary criticism of the Elizabethan period and an anonymously published work itself, mentions in passing that literary figures in the court who wrote " commendably well " circulated their poetry only among their friends, " as if it were a discredit for a gentleman to seem learned " ( Book 1, Chapter 8 ).

Before the advent of wax candles in the 14th century, this office was said in the dark or with minimal lighting ; and monks were expected to memorise everything.

Before the advent of direct-dialed long distance calls, a subscriber would need to contact the long-distance operator in order to place a toll call.

Before the advent of the pocket calculator, it was the most commonly used calculation tool in science and engineering.

Before the advent of the British, no empire based in mainland India had controlled any part of what now makes up the country's Northeast, part of the reason for the ongoing insurgency in Northeast India.

Before the advent of modern antibiotics, oil of thyme was used to medicate bandages.

Before the advent of the touchpad, small trackballs were common on portable computers, where there may be no desk space on which to run a mouse.

" Before the advent of Islam, the city was known as Yathrib but was personally renamed by Muhammad.

Before the advent of the CCD beam profiler, the beam width was estimated using the knife-edge technique: slice a laser beam with a razor and measure the power of the clipped beam as a function of the razor position.

Before the advent of DVD and Blu-ray, the Video CD ( abbreviated as VCD, and also known as View CD, Compact Disc digital video ) became the first format for distributing films on standard 120 mm optical discs.

Before the advent of artificial refrigeration, Madeira wine was particularly prized in areas where it was impractical to construct wine cellars ( as in parts of the southern United States ) because, unlike many other fine wines, it could survive being stored over hot summers without significant damage.

Before the advent of anesthesia, surgery was a traumatically painful procedure and surgeons were encouraged to be as swift as possible to minimize patient suffering.

Before the advent of VLSI devices, TTL integrated circuits were a standard method of construction for the processors of mini-computer and mainframe processors ; such as the DEC VAX and Data General Eclipse, and for equipment such as machine tool numerical controls, printers and video display terminals.

Before the advent of modern pipes, water was brought from an outdoor source such as wells, pumps or springs.

Before the advent of disk operating systems and the ability to record large data files, core dumps were paper printouts of the contents of memory, typically arranged in columns of octal or hexadecimal numbers ( a " hex dump "), sometimes accompanied by their interpretations as machine language instructions, text strings, or decimal or floating-point numbers ( cf.

Before the advent of the modern critical edition of historical Roman works, AUC was indiscriminately added to them by earlier editors, making it appear more widely used than it actually was.

Before the advent of the codex ( book ), Latin and Greek script was written on scrolls.

Before the advent of radio, carrier pigeons were frequently used on the battlefield as a means for a mobile force to communicate with a stationary headquarters.

* Before the ceremony, the couple formalize a written ketubah ( marriage contract ), specifying the obligations of husband to the wife and contingencies in case of divorce.

Before her own marriage, Stone felt that women should be allowed to divorce drunken husbands, to formally end a " loveless marriage " so that " a true love may grow up in the soul of the injured one from the full enjoyment of which no legal bond had a right to keep her ... Whatever is pure and holy, not only has a right to be, but it has a right also to be recognized, and further, I think it has no right not to be recognized.

Before returning to China, in 1942, Lin proposed to Sun and promised to divorce his wife, from whom Lin had become estranged.

Before his divorce from his first wife finalized, Olson married Kaiser.

Before they married, they both converted to Islam, since Dharmendra was married to Prakash Kaur who refused to divorce him.

Before the couple's divorce, they owned a,, 10-bedroom marital home located in Saddle River, New Jersey.

Before the divorce, it was alleged that Agnello had been dating another woman.

Before leaving Baltimore, Munch had divorced his fourth wife and never shies away from cracking sarcastic divorce jokes.

Before his death, Barigye was in the middle of a divorce suit with his wife Denise Kwezi and mother of his four children.

Before this, many of its families were assigned to the old order Liliales: a very large order containing almost all monocots with colourful tepals and without starch in their endosperm.

Before the enactment of the metric system, many countries in Europe used their own official acres.

Before the Second World War, air shows were associated with long distance air races, often lasting many days and covering thousands of miles.

This important fact led many C programmers to humorously issue the backronym Before C Programming Language.

Before the Dutch retook control of the islands, the British removed many nutmeg trees and transplanted them to Ceylon and other British colonies.

Before there was an official standard for C, many users and implementors relied on an informal specification contained in a book by Ritchie and Brian Kernighan ; that version is generally referred to as " K & R " C. In 1989 the American National Standards Institute published a standard for C ( generally called " ANSI C " or " C89 ").

He also provided the voice of Jack Skellington, the main character in Tim Burton's animated Disney film The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 ), and has since reprised the role in many other subsequent productions, including the Disney / Square video games Kingdom Hearts and Kingdom Hearts II and the Capcom sequel to the original film, Oogie's Revenge.

Before meeting Cesare, Leonardo had worked at the Milanese court of Ludovico Sforza for many years, until Louis XII of France drove Sforza out of Italy.

Before the RISC philosophy became prominent, many computer architects tried to bridge the so called semantic gap, i. e. to design instruction sets that directly supported high-level programming constructs such as procedure calls, loop control, and complex addressing modes, allowing data structure and array accesses to be combined into single instructions.

Before many copies of the book could be printed, however, the printing press and most of the printed copies were destroyed by a mob in Missouri.

Thomas was a teenager when many of the poems for which he became famous were published: " And death shall have no dominion ", " Before I Knocked " and " The Force That Through the Green Fuse Drives the Flower ".

Before the 20th century many double basses had only three strings, in contrast to the five to six strings typical of instruments in the string family or the four strings of instruments in the violin family.

Before the notion was widely adopted in the 1970s, many of the classic films noirs were referred to as melodramas.

Before digital technology became widespread, for many decades, the scanned data was transmitted as analog.

Before his relationship with Monica, Chandler dated Janice Hosenstein in season 1 and subsequently broke up with her many times.

Before Arbenz come to power in 1951, the Communist movement preferred to carry out many of their activities through the so-called mass organization.

Before the introduction of UTC on 1 January 1972 Greenwich Mean Time ( also known as Zulu time ) was the same as Universal Time ( UT ) which is a standard astronomical concept used in many technical fields.

Before, he had dates with many odd characters, whereas now, he exclusively dates Liz.

Before World War II, mechanical and electrical analog computers were considered the " state of the art ", and many thought they were the future of computing.

Before she became associated with Greek mythology, she had many similarities with Artemis ( wilderness, and watching over wedding ceremonies )

Before consolidation of many of these rural school districts in the last half of the twentieth century, Indiana high schools had fewer students than those of most other states ; basketball was a natural game for these schools since it only required five starters and a few reserves.

Before plastics were invented, ivory was important for cutlery handles, musical instruments, billiard balls, and many other items.

Before James Brown appeared on stage, his personal MC gave him an elaborate introduction accompanied by drumrolls, as the MC worked in Brown's various sobriquets along with the names of many of his hit songs.

Ten of his songs were nominated for the Oscar, many written with Cahn, including " I've Heard That Song Before " (# 1 for 13 weeks for Harry James and His Orchestra in 1943 ), " I'll Walk Alone ", " It's Magic " ( a # 2 hit for Doris Day in 1948 ) and " I Fall in Love Too Easily ".

Philby found that the award proved helpful in obtaining access to fascist circles: " Before then ," he later wrote, " there had been a lot of criticism of British journalists from Franco officers who seemed to think that the British in general must be a lot of Communists because so many were fighting with the International Brigades.