By convention in some law reports, the appellant is named first.

By convention, the top strand is written from the 5 ' end to the 3 ' end ; thus, the bottom strand is written 3 ' to 5 '.

By convention, the bicyclic β-lactams are numbered starting with the position occupied by sulfur in the penams and cephems, regardless of which atom it is in a given class.

By convention the products form the numerator.

By modern convention, enclosures are numbered from the centre outwards.

By convention, a calendar year consists of a natural number of days.

) By convention, L ( P, P )

By direct substitution, the solution to this equation can be readily shown to be the scalar Green's function, which in the spherical coordinate system ( and using the physics time convention ) is:

By convention, unknowns are denoted by letters at the end of the alphabet, x, y, z, w, …, while knowns are denoted by letters at the beginning, a, b, c, d, ….

By convention, the charge carried by electrons is deemed negative, and that by protons positive, a custom that originated with the work of Benjamin Franklin.

By historical convention, a positive current is defined as having the same direction of flow as any positive charge it contains, or to flow from the most positive part of a circuit to the most negative part.

By convention, electric engine refers to a railroad electric locomotive, rather than an electric motor.

By convention, letters at the beginning of the alphabet ( e. g. ) are typically used to represent constants, and those toward the end of the alphabet ( e. g. and ) are used to represent variables.

By convention, the charge of an electron is − 1, while that of a proton is + 1.

By convention the subroutine expected this and the first thing it did was to overwrite its final jump instruction with that address so that it returned.

( By modern convention, the sequence begins with F < sub > 0 </ sub > = 0.

By convention, this may only be advised by the Prime Minister.

By convention, the longest serving state governor holds a dormant commission, allowing an assumption of office to commence whenever a vacancy occurs.

By convention, the Prime Minister is appointed to this Council and advises as to which parliamentarians shall become ministers and parliamentary secretaries.

By law and Southern social convention, household heads were adult, white propertied males, and all white women and all African Americans were thought to require protection and guidance because they lacked the capacity for reason and self-control.

By convention the audience realises that the character's speech is unheard by the other characters on stage.

By defying the convention of painting on an upright surface, he added a new dimension by being able to view and apply paint to his canvases from all directions.

By convention, one of these, the Prime Meridian, which passes through the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, England, establishes the position of zero degrees longitude.

By convention, the carbon atoms are numbered from 1 to x along the backbone, starting from the end that is closest to the C =

By convention, physical quantities are organized in a dimensional system built upon base quantities, each of which is regarded as having its own dimension.

By the earlier eleventh century ælf could denote a female.

By comparing mitochondrial DNA which is inherited only from the mother, geneticists have concluded that the last female common ancestor whose genetic marker is found in all modern humans, the so-called mitochondrial Eve, must have lived around 200, 000 years ago.

By doing so, they " fill the need of a mostly female audience for fictional narratives that expand the boundary of the official source products offered on the television and movie screen.

By the 1970s and 1980s, true female heroes started to emerge on the pages of comics.

By 1944 the last known Ivory-billed Woodpecker, a female, was gone from the cut-over tract ( Smithsonian p 98 ).

The award is named for Alice B. Sheldon, who wrote under the pseudonym James Tiptree, Jr. By choosing a masculine nom de plume, having her stories accepted under that name and winning awards with them, Sheldon helped demonstrate that the division between male and female science fiction writing was illusory.

By the time the book on female sexuality was published, it appeared that Kinsey seemed to feel that women and men are more alike in the biology of their sexuality than he had previously thought, and that both men's and women's sexuality seemed shaped, not merely repressed, by social and cultural forces.

By the two-seed theory, the embryo is not conceived unless the male and female seed meet: this implies a bilineal, or cognatic, theory of relationship.

By frequently quoting his aunt, he provides the only female voice.

By convention, where one type of gamete cell is physically larger than the other, it is associated with female sex.

By 1946 she was Hollywood's highest-paid entertainer and top female tax payer in the United States, earning more than $ 200, 000 that year (=$ 2. 2 million in 2010 adjusted for inflation ), according to IRS records.

By this time, Davis was Warner Bros .' most profitable star, and she was given the most important of their female leading roles.

By studying several different tribes of the Western Pacific ( employing the method of comparison, popular in ethnography ), Malinowski gave confirmations of Lewis Morgan's idea that matriarchy ( gyneocracy ) was a common feature of primitive societies at early stages, and that female rule needed matrilineality for its existence.

By the end of the year, she was the first female to have four consecutive Billboard Hot 100 Top Five hits from one album.

By 1859 there were more than 60 missionary alumnae ; by 1887 the school's alumnae comprised one-fifth of all female American missionaries for the ABCFM ; and by the end of the century, 248 of its alumnae had entered the mission field.

By 1860 the town had male and female academies, a hotel, cotton gin, oil mill, blacksmith shop, tavern, cabinet shop, drug store, and several general merchandise stores.

By the 1780s and 1790s visitors were beginning to progress as far as Chepstow, where an attractive female guide escorted tourists around the ruins as part of the popular Wye Tour.

By 2008, it has reached 298, 342, with the male to female ratio of 1. 015.

By this time Loy was highly regarded for her performances in romantic comedies and she was anxious to demonstrate her dramatic ability, and was cast in the lead female role in The Rains Came ( 1939 ) opposite Tyrone Power.

By conservative and orthodox philosophies, a person can be considered a Jew only if his or her mother was Jewish ( meaning, more specifically, either matrilineal descent from a female believed to be present at Mt.

By the 17th century, suggestions of female pubic hair appear in pornographic engravings, such as those by Agostino Carracci.

By the late 18th century female pubic hair is openly portrayed in Japanese shunga ( erotica ), especially in the ukiyo-e tradition.

By the end of the Ninth Pass, female Greenriders have become more common, so female Weyrbrats may be allowed to join the ranks of Candidates even if there is no gold egg in more progressive Weyrs.

By the late 1960s, Atlantic recording artist Aretha Franklin had emerged as the most popular female soul star in the country.