By the charter renewal in 1781 it was also the bankers ' bank – keeping enough gold to pay its notes on demand until 26 February 1797 when war had so diminished gold reserves that the government prohibited the Bank from paying out in gold.

By the 1970s the government adopted a policy of keeping employment artificially high in the declining industry.

By starting with an inertial frame, where Newton's laws of motion hold, and keeping track of how the time derivatives of a position vector change when transforming to a rotating reference frame, the various fictitious forces and their forms can be identified.

By keeping the entities separate, the handset is capable of responding to any combination of entity traffic, and this creates great flexibility in fixed network design without breaking full interoperability.

... By keeping all of the little people in focus, Coppola shows the variety of a young lawyer's life, where every client is necessary and most of them need a lot more than a lawyer.

By keeping very cool relations to NATO, and to western military powers in general, Finland could fend off Soviet preludes for affiliation to the Warsaw Pact.

By the time of Wisdom, he's the director of MI6 and has been knighted ; he believes MI-13 to be a doomed organisation and that MI6 should handle the " weird happenings ", to the extent of keeping things from the rival agency.

By tracking an index, an investment portfolio typically gets good diversification, low turnover ( good for keeping down internal transaction costs ), and extremely low management fees.

By using a counterweight, a cable would be lowered from geostationary orbit to the surface of Earth, while the counterweight was extended from the satellite away from Earth, keeping the cable constantly over the same spot on the surface of the Earth.

* By keeping high overall rate of utilization, it better amortizes the cost of a computer, especially an expensive one.

By 1937, the network took in $ 28, 700, 000 and had 114 affiliates, almost all of which cleared 100 % of network-fed programming, thus keeping ratings, and revenue, high.

By 1639 the exterior — which in keeping with the king's wish was reconstructed without major changes — was once again magnificent, but the interior never fully regained its former glory.

By keeping Li at the upper levels of the Party, China's leaders communicated to the world that the country remained stable and united.

By the autumn of 1559 several foreign princes were vying for the Queen's hand ; their impatient envoys came under the impression that Elizabeth was fooling them, " keeping Lord Robert's enemies and the country engaged with words until this wicked deed of killing his wife is consummated.

By not keeping any list of users and corresponding anonymizing labels for them, a remailer can ensure that any message that has been forwarded leaves no internal information behind that can later be used to break identity confidentiality.

" By adding height, now someone can grip the Tony, raise it over their head in triumph and not worry about keeping their grip.

By keeping the row number fixed, the second element changes more rapidly.

By the constitution of Basset, large advantages were secured to the tailleur, that is, literally, the dealer, or keeper of the bank, and so vast were his gains, that the privilege of keeping a bank at Basset, where the stakes were unlimited, was granted only to cadets or other members of great families, it being certain that a considerable fortune must be realised by the tailleur in a short time.

By 1972, the Nathan Hale Council became Nathan Hale District, but the camp still enjoyed keeping the name Nahaco in the newly formed Long Rivers Council.

By keeping buildings up to code, controlling illegal occupancies, monitoring the safety of living-areas and issuing licenses and permits, the department works to control the potential for dangerous situations.

By the end of 1941, all the ancient glass had been removed to various cellars in Cambridge for safe keeping.

By and by his visitor said that he would go away and return at some other time, as he feared that he was keeping the people outside.

By keeping away other species of fish, some pomacentrids encourage the growth of thick mats of algae within their territories, leading to the common name farmerfish.

By foraging, they believe they are keeping perfectly edible food from adding to landfill clutter and that can feed people and animals who might otherwise go hungry.

By its terms the boundary between Alfred ’ s and Guthrum ’ s kingdoms was to run up the River Thames, to the River Lea ; follow the Lea to its source ( near Luton ); from there extend in a straight line to Bedford ; and from Bedford follow the River Ouse to Watling Street.

By encouraging countries to keep wastes within their boundaries and as close as possible to its source of generation, the internal pressures should provide incentives for waste reduction and pollution prevention.

By estimating both the clay and temper compositions, and locating a region where both are known to occur an assignment of the material source can be made.

By contrast, if the same historian had made the same claim five times in five different places ( and no other types of evidence were available ), the claim is much weaker because it originates from a single source.

By far the greatest source of dyes has been from the plant kingdom, notably roots, berries, bark, leaves and wood, but only a few have ever been used on a commercial scale.

By doing so, they " fill the need of a mostly female audience for fictional narratives that expand the boundary of the official source products offered on the television and movie screen.

Engines can be classified in many different ways: By the engine cycle used, the layout of the engine, source of energy, the use of the engine, or by the cooling system employed.

By 2004, Japan had become Bangladesh's fourth-largest source of foreign direct investment, behind the United States, United Kingdom, and Malaysia.

By contrast, Shakespeare's King John, a relatively anti-Catholic play that draws on The Troublesome Reign for its source material, offers a more " balanced, dual view of a complex monarch as both a proto-Protestant victim of Rome's machinations and as a weak, selfishly motivated ruler ".

By Late Antiquity, the tradition of Moses being the source of the law in the Pentateuch also gave rise to the tradition of Mosaic authorship, the interpretation of the entire Torah as the work of Moses.

By 2000, most large-scale ( Mach-like ) efforts had ended, although OpenStep used an adapted Mach kernel called XNU, which is now used in the OS known as Darwin, which is the open source part of Mac OS X .. As of 2012, the Mach-based GNU Hurd is also functional and its inclusion in testing versions of Arch Linux and Debian in progress.

By 1912, the discovery of vitamins was a boost for Marmite, as the spread is a rich source of the vitamin B complex ; vitamin B < sub > 12 </ sub > is not naturally found in yeast extract, but is added to Marmite during manufacture.

By 1600, the medieval wall is likely to have been seen more as a platform for displaying hangings and the pomery as a gathering ground for the spectators or as a source of building stone and a site for its use.

" As Ned Sublette points out though: " By the 1960s, with Cuba the object of a United States embargo that still remains in effect today, the island nation had been forgotten as a source of music.

By allowing the establishment of geological timescales, it provides a significant source of information about the ages of fossils and the deduced rates of evolutionary change.

By the height of the silent era, movies were the single largest source of employment for instrumental musicians ( at least in America ).

By the end of the decade oil was Switzerland's primary energy source.

By 1880, sugar beet was the main source of sugar in Europe though the United Kingdom continued to import the main part of its sugar from its colonies.

) By definition, a trademark enjoys no protection ( qua trademark ) until and unless it is " disclosed " to consumers, for only then are consumers able to associate it with a supplier or source in the requisite manner.

By now, however, only four states – Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, and Texas – still rely on the Restatement as their primary source of guidance ( other than their body of state case law ).

By other scholars, however, the second element has been identified with the Celtic element-lan, signifying an enclosure or demarcated territory ( source of the Welsh word ' llan ', meaning a sanctuary or church ).

By taking samples from different sites and different strata within a particular region, researchers can build a comprehensive historical sequence that becomes a part of the scientific record ; for example, ancient timbers found in buildings can be dated to give an indication of when the source tree was alive and growing, setting an upper limit on the age of the wood.

By leaving the vehicle's power source on the ground and by using ambient atmosphere as reaction mass for much of its ascent, a lightcraft would be capable of delivering a very large percentage of its launch mass to orbit.

By far, the largest proportion of respondents in the three countries ( 74 % in Canada, 67 % in Britain and 63 % in the United States ) said that conversations with friends were “ very useful ” or “ moderately useful .” The next reputable source was the media ( television, books, movies, magazines ), mentioned by three-in-five Britons ( 65 %) and Canadians ( 62 %) and more than half of Americans ( 54 %) as useful.

By being involved they can boost their athlete's self-esteem and will be looked at as a constant source of encouragement.