By convention in some law reports, the appellant is named first.

By convention, the top strand is written from the 5 ' end to the 3 ' end ; thus, the bottom strand is written 3 ' to 5 '.

By convention, the bicyclic β-lactams are numbered starting with the position occupied by sulfur in the penams and cephems, regardless of which atom it is in a given class.

By convention the products form the numerator.

By modern convention, enclosures are numbered from the centre outwards.

By convention, a calendar year consists of a natural number of days.

) By convention, L ( P, P )

By direct substitution, the solution to this equation can be readily shown to be the scalar Green's function, which in the spherical coordinate system ( and using the physics time convention ) is:

By convention, unknowns are denoted by letters at the end of the alphabet, x, y, z, w, …, while knowns are denoted by letters at the beginning, a, b, c, d, ….

By convention, the charge carried by electrons is deemed negative, and that by protons positive, a custom that originated with the work of Benjamin Franklin.

By historical convention, a positive current is defined as having the same direction of flow as any positive charge it contains, or to flow from the most positive part of a circuit to the most negative part.

By convention, electric engine refers to a railroad electric locomotive, rather than an electric motor.

By convention, letters at the beginning of the alphabet ( e. g. ) are typically used to represent constants, and those toward the end of the alphabet ( e. g. and ) are used to represent variables.

By convention, the charge of an electron is − 1, while that of a proton is + 1.

By convention the subroutine expected this and the first thing it did was to overwrite its final jump instruction with that address so that it returned.

( By modern convention, the sequence begins with F < sub > 0 </ sub > = 0.

By convention, this may only be advised by the Prime Minister.

By convention, the longest serving state governor holds a dormant commission, allowing an assumption of office to commence whenever a vacancy occurs.

By convention, the Prime Minister is appointed to this Council and advises as to which parliamentarians shall become ministers and parliamentary secretaries.

By law and Southern social convention, household heads were adult, white propertied males, and all white women and all African Americans were thought to require protection and guidance because they lacked the capacity for reason and self-control.

By convention the audience realises that the character's speech is unheard by the other characters on stage.

By defying the convention of painting on an upright surface, he added a new dimension by being able to view and apply paint to his canvases from all directions.

By convention, one of these, the Prime Meridian, which passes through the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, England, establishes the position of zero degrees longitude.

By convention, the carbon atoms are numbered from 1 to x along the backbone, starting from the end that is closest to the C =

By convention, physical quantities are organized in a dimensional system built upon base quantities, each of which is regarded as having its own dimension.

By the time mission control issued the wake-up call to the crew for flight day two, the spacecraft was approximately away from the Earth, traveling at about.

By the time of the Eighth Doctor audio play Terror Firma ( set after Remembrance ), Davros is commanding a Dalek army which has successfully conquered the Earth.

By the story's end the Emperor personality is dominant, and the Daleks agree to follow him and leave Earth.

By their percentage contribution to the greenhouse effect on Earth the four major gases are:

By the 1920s Lewis Fry Richardson's interest in weather prediction led him to propose human computers and numerical analysis to model the weather ; to this day, the most powerful computers on Earth are needed to adequately model its weather using the Navier – Stokes equations.

By assuming the Earth to possess a soul ( a property he would later invoke to explain how the sun causes the motion of planets ), he established a speculative system connecting astrological aspects and astronomical distances to weather and other earthly phenomena.

By the events told in the New Krypton storyline however, several Superman villains, like Metallo and Reactron, have acquired some kryptonite samples to use against the Kryptonians on Earth.

By the end of the story, rebels have established themselves at another stellar system — where their descendants, the reader is told, would eventually build a liberating fleet and set out back to Earth.

By the end of its final mission, Atlantis had orbited the Earth 4, 848 times, traveling nearly in space or more than 525 times the distance from the Earth to the Moon.

By using a counterweight, a cable would be lowered from geostationary orbit to the surface of Earth, while the counterweight was extended from the satellite away from Earth, keeping the cable constantly over the same spot on the surface of the Earth.

By heating hydrogen balloons, large masses can be suspended underneath at roughly Earth gravity.

By the mid 20th century, humans had achieved a mastery of technology sufficient to leave the atmosphere of the Earth for the first time and space exploration | explore space.

By method of reentry to Earth they may be divided in non-winged space capsules and winged spaceplanes.

By this date the Earth sensor brightness indication had essentially gone to zero, however, this time telemetry data indicated the Earth-brightness measurement had increased to the nominal value for that point in the trajectory.

By 1968, the oversized newsprint publication, the Whole Earth Catalog, was connecting thousands of specialized merchants, artisans, and scientists directly with consumers who were interested in supporting independent producers, with the goal of bypassing corporate retail and department stores.

By surface area, Lake Huron is the second-largest of the Great Lakes, with a surface area of 23, 000 square miles ( 59, 600 km < sup > 2 </ sup >) making it the third-largest fresh water lake on Earth ( and the fourth-largest lake, if the Caspian Sea is counted as a lake ).

By inputting data on the ratio of stable isotopes < sup > 18 </ sup > O :< sup > 16 </ sup > O into computer models, it has been shown that in conjunction with quick-weathering of volcanic rock, this increased rainfall may have reduced greenhouse gas levels to below the threshold required to trigger the period of extreme glaciation known as Snowball Earth.

By 500 BC most contemporary Greek philosophers considered the Earth to be spherical — there was obvious evidence for this from the behavior of objects near the horizon.

By the end of the Archaean c. 2500 Mya, plate tectonic activity may have been similar to that of the modern Earth.

By the next new moon it is even further ahead of the node, so it is less likely that there will be a solar eclipse somewhere on Earth.

By the eighth edition ( 1853 – 1860 ), the encyclopedia said of the Noah story, " The insuperable difficulties connected with the belief that all other existing species of animals were provided for in the ark are obviated by adopting the suggestion of Bishop Stillingfleet, approved by Matthew Poole ... and others, that the Deluge did not extend beyond the region of the Earth then inhabited ".