Economists tend to disagree with these critiques, arguing that it may be relevant to analyze the consequences of enlightened egoism just as it may be worthwhile to consider altruistic or social behavior.

Klein ( 1983 ) asserts that “ Economists now recognise that such a sharp distinction does not exist and that it is useful to consider also transactions occurring within the firm as representing market ( contractual ) relationships .” The costs involved in such transactions that are within a firm or even between the firms are the transaction costs.

Economists encourage people, in addition to observing benefits, to consider the costs of urban transit as well.

Economists argue that one of the factors behind the differing economic development in Africa and Asia is that in Africa, corruption has primarily taken the form of rent extraction with the resulting financial capital moved overseas rather than invested at home ( hence the stereotypical, but often accurate, image of African dictators having Swiss bank accounts ).

Economists aligned with his government have argued that this was due to external factors outside the control of the administration at the time, such as the devaluation of the Brazilian real and the growth of the share of the debt denominated in US dollars.

Economists have discovered various factors which affect the occurrence of deviations from covered interest rate parity and the fleeting nature of covered interest arbitrage opportunities, such as differing characteristics of assets, varying frequencies of time series data, and the transaction costs associated with arbitrage trading strategies.

Economists have suggested an array of other factors to account for observed deviations from interest rate parity, such as differing tax treatment, differing risks, government foreign exchange controls, supply or demand inelasticity, transaction costs, and time differentials between observing and executing arbitrage opportunities.

Economists agree that teachers are the most important influence on student test scores inside the school, but the influence of schools and teachers is dwarfed by nonschool factors, most especially by family income.

Economists usually distinguish several types of economic evaluation, differing in how consequences are measured:

Economists refer to the coexistence of vast wealth in natural resources and extreme personal poverty in developing countries like Nigeria as the " resource curse ".

Economists generally agree that a country is insolvent, if its foreign debt surpasses 50 percent of its GDP.

* Economists use the term " global labor arbitrage " to refer to the tendency of manufacturing jobs to flow towards whichever country has the lowest wages per unit output at present and has reached the minimum requisite level of political and economic development to support industrialization.

Economists, political economists and historians have taken different perspectives on the analysis of capitalism.

Economists usually emphasize the degree to which government does not have control over markets ( laissez faire ), as well as the importance of property rights.

Economists Samuel Bowles and Herbert Gintis famously argued in 1976 that there was a fundamental conflict in American schooling between the egalitarian goal of democratic participation and the inequalities implied by the continued profitability of capitalist production on the other.

Economists have theorized that e-commerce ought to lead to intensified price competition, as it increases consumers ' ability to gather information about products and prices.

Economists also fail to use economic reasoning for model selection, especially for deciding which variables to include in a regression.

Economists from the Austrian School argue that aggregate economic models are not well suited to describe economic reality because they waste a large part of specific knowledge.

Economists make a number of abstract assumptions for purposes of their analyses and predictions.

Economists who studied with Hayek at the LSE in the 1930s and the 1940s include Arthur Lewis, Ronald Coase, John Kenneth Galbraith, Abba Lerner, Nicholas Kaldor, George Shackle, Thomas Balogh, Vera Smith, L. K. Jha, Arthur Seldon, Paul Rosenstein-Rodan, and Oskar Lange.

Economists including Richard Timberlake, George Selgin, Lawrence White, and Steven Horwitz are part of this school of thought.

Economists see both a rapid increase in the money supply and an increase in the velocity of money if the ( monetary ) inflating is not stopped.

Economists estimate that two-thirds of the value of large businesses in the U. S. can be traced to intangible assets.

Economists have also shown that IP can be a disincentive to innovation when that innovation is drastic.

Economists generally agree that certain amounts of inequality are necessary and desirable but that excessive inequality leads to efficiency problems and social injustice.

Economists measure labour in terms of hours worked, total wages, or efficiency.

Economists interested in long-run increases in output study economic growth.

Economists look for macroeconomic policies that prevent economies from slipping into recessions and that lead to faster long-term growth.

Economists graph this relationship with the wage on the vertical axis and the quantity ( hours ) of labor supplied on the horizontal axis.

Economists and other political commentators have proposed alternatives to the minimum wage.

Some activists consider that the Indian caste system is a form of racial discrimination.

Many new activists consider the Stonewall uprising the birth of the gay liberation movement.

Many email systems operators and users consider DNSBLs a valuable tool to share information about sources of spam, but others including some prominent Internet activists have objected to them as a form of censorship.

The causes of this unrest of the common people towards the Tsar and aristocratic landowners are too many and complicated to neatly summarise, but key factors to consider were ongoing resentment at the cruel treatment of peasants by patricians, poor working conditions experienced by city workers in the fledgling industrial economy and a growing sense of political and social awareness of the lower orders in general ( democratic ideas were reaching Russia from the West and being touted by political activists ).

LGBT activists were stunned when HRC leaders announced that it would consider softening demands for equal rights and make political bargains, such as supporting President George W. Bush's plan to privatize Social Security partly in exchange for the right of same-sex partners to receive benefits under the program.

In contrast to his popularity, he is at times rejected by Maya cultural activists who consider his status as a national hero a source of irony, considering the long history of mistreatment of Guatemala's native population.

In the same year, Prime Minister, Manmohan Singh assured activists that the central government would consider their demand sympathetically.

Some animal rights activists consider unanesthetised mulesing to be inhumane and unnecessary.

Luers has at times been a cause célèbre among some radicals, anti-prison activists, and individuals associated with the Earth Liberation Front ( ELF ), although Luers has said that he does not consider himself to be an ELF member.

By bringing together a broad array of left-wing activists and interested members of the public just before a large gathering of the Democratic Party -- one of the two major political parties in the United States -- organizers believed that the Boston Social Forum would demonstrate that the left-wing was a growing political force in the United States and worldwide, that it had good ideas, and that politically uncommitted people should consider joining its ranks.

Due to the capital cost ($ 1. 578 billion for the 1. 7 mile light rail line ), the Central Subway project has come under criticism from transit activists for what they consider to be poor cost-effectiveness.

This election marked the debut of the Labor and Social Justice Party, a new party formed by activists disenchanted with what they consider the neoliberal leanings displayed by the SPD.

She wrote in a published questionnaire that she had been asked to run by a number of Green activists and felt compelled to consider the possibility after the U. S. debt-ceiling crisis which she called " the President ’ s astounding attack on Social Security, Medicare and Medicaid — a betrayal of the public interest ...".

In response to a request from transgender activists to boycott the festival, Mr. Lady released a statement which defended the festival, believing that they did not consider an event for " womyn born womyn " and the transgender community to be mutually exclusive, but backed the right of the festival to exclude those not born as women.

The communists, who already de facto controlled much of the government and had the backing of the military ( both the Polish Wojsko Ludowe and Soviet Red Army ), used the police ( Milicja Obywatelska ) and the secret services ( Urząd Bezpieczeństwa ) to threaten, assault and even murder opposition activists, switch real ballots for false ones, stuff ballot boxes with false votes, consider blank ballots as “ yes ” votes, destroy votes not in favour of all or any of the three questions or simply falsify votes.

Another factor to consider was that this was by no means the first murder of activists.

He also worked on the Citizen's Justice Committee and played a principal part in resisting and investigating the excesses of the period, including the 1984 Anti-Sikh riots, and human rights violations in the Punjab, Kashmir, and the North-East .. His refusal to consider kashmiri pandits who had fled valley in 1990 as human right victims caused much controversy and led to his dubbing as " Terrorists ' defender in chief " as he regularly attacked Indian army for fake encounters and extra judicial killings. In 1995, he departed from his earlier stand of considering firing by police as human rights violation and defended UP government in Muzaffarnagar police firing and rape on Uttarakhand state demand activists on 2 October 1994 in Supreme Court. His volte face was noted by honourable bench with humour and he won the case with court ruling that there was not adequate evidence of wilful human rights violation by State government. But it led to his breaking ranks with radical humanists.