This approach was first proposed by the philosopher Edmund Husserl, and later elaborated by other philosophers and scientists.

* Cartesian Meditations, a work by Edmund Husserl

" As mentioned above in section on Derrida's deconstruction of Husserl Derrida actually argues for the contamination of pure origins by the structures of language and temporality and Manfred Frank has even referred to Derrida's work as " Neostructuralism " and this seems to capture Derrida's novel concern for how texts are structured.

Influenced by the views of Brentano's pupil Alexius Meinong, and by Edmund Husserl, Germanophone and Francophone philosophy took a different direction regarding the question of existence.

Then Husserl traveled to Vienna to study at the Realgymnasium there, followed next by the Staatsgymnasium in Olomouc ( Ger: Olmütz ).

Husserl was so impressed by Brentano that he decided to dedicate his life to philosophy ; indeed, Franz Brentano is often credited as being his most important influence, e. g., with regard to intentionality.

This work was well received and became the subject of a seminar given by Wilhelm Dilthey ; Husserl in 1905 traveled to Berlin to visit Dilthey.

In 1912 at Freiburg the journal Jahrbuch für Philosophie und Phänomenologische Forschung was founded by Husserl and his school, which published articles of their phenomenological movement from 1913 to 1930.

On April 6 Husserl was suspended from the University of Freiburg by the Badische Ministry of Culture ; the following week he was disallowed any university activities.

In the summer of 1929 Husserl had studied carefully selected writings of Heidegger, coming to the conclusion that on several of their key positions they differed, e. g., Heidegger substituted Dasein for the pure ego, thus transforming phenomenology into an anthropology, a specie of psychologism strongly disfavored by Husserl.

Husserl proposed that the world of objects and ways in which we direct ourselves toward and perceive those objects is normally conceived of in what he called the " natural standpoint ", which is characterized by a belief that objects materially exist and exhibit properties that we see as emanating from them.

Husserl proposed a radical new phenomenological way of looking at objects by examining how we, in our many ways of being intentionally directed toward them, actually " constitute " them ( to be distinguished from materially creating objects or objects merely being figments of the imagination ); in the Phenomenological standpoint, the object ceases to be something simply " external " and ceases to be seen as providing indicators about what it is, and becomes a grouping of perceptual and functional aspects that imply one another under the idea of a particular object or " type ".

In it, Husserl for the first time attempts a historical overview of the development of Western philosophy and science, emphasizing the challenges presented by their increasingly ( one-sidedly ) empirical and naturalistic orientation.

* The second stratum would be called by Husserl " logic of consequence " or the " logic of non-contradiction " which explores all possible forms of true judgments.

In his professorial doctoral dissertation, On the Concept of Number ( 1886 ) and in his Philosophy of Arithmetic ( 1891 ), Husserl sought, by employing Brentano's descriptive psychology, to define the natural numbers in a way that advanced the methods and techniques of Karl Weierstrass, Richard Dedekind, Georg Cantor, Gottlob Frege, and other contemporary mathematicians.

Husserl stated that by the time he published that book, he had already changed his mind — that he had doubts about psychologism from the very outset.

Husserl states that this effort made by psychologists is a " metábasis eis állo génos " ( Gr. " a transgression to another field ").

David Carr of Yale University commented in 1970 on Husserl's following: " It is well known that Husserl was always disappointed at the tendency of his students to go their own way, to embark upon fundamental revisions of phenomenology rather than engage in the communal task " as originally intended by the radical new science.

Jean-Paul Sartre was also largely influenced by Husserl, although he later came to disagree with key points in his analyses.

Rudolf Carnap was also influenced by Husserl, not only concerning Husserl's notion of essential insight that Carnap used in his Der Raum, but also his notion of " formation rules " and " transformation rules " is founded on Husserl's philosophy of logic.

Karol Wojtyla, who would later become became Pope John-Paul II was influenced by Husserl.

Husserl also talked about what he called " logic of truth " which consists of the formal laws of possible truth and its modalities, and precedes the third logical third stratum.

According to Frege the reference of a sentence is a truth value ; for Husserl it is a " state of affairs.

From then until 1964 he was an assistant professor in the Department of Philosophy at the University of Tübingen, where, after spending 1965 lecturing at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, he gained his Habilitation in 1966 analyzing the concept of truth in Husserl and Heidegger.

Husserl argues that logic is theoretical, i. e., that logic itself proposes a priori laws which are themselves the basis of the normative side of logic.

Husserl countered that consciousness is not “ in ” the mind but rather conscious of something other than itself ( the intentional object ), whether the object is a substance or a figment of imagination ( i. e., the real processes associated with and underlying the figment ).

* Positively speaking, phenomenologists tend to justify cognition ( and some also evaluation and action ) with reference to what Edmund Husserl called Evidenz, which is awareness of a matter itself as disclosed in the most clear, distinct, and adequate way for something of its kind ;

This usage arose and was dealt with by philosophers such as Edmund Husserl or, even earlier, by Hegel, and it seems to suggest that this body itself is precisely that which is doing the cognition of itself qua body, through self-consciousness.

He still agreed with Husserl that consciousness is " about " objects or, as they say, it " intends " them – rather than forming within itself a duplicate, an inner representation of an outward object.

He was above all the mediator between Husserl and the students, for he understood extremely well how to deal with other persons, whereas Husserl was pretty much helpless in this respect.

Simmel had a hard time gaining acceptance in the academic community despite the support of well known associates, such as Max Weber, Rainer Maria Rilke, Stefan George and Edmund Husserl.

In the introduction, Sartre sketches his own theory of consciousness, being, and phenomena through criticism of both earlier phenomenologists ( most notably Husserl and Heidegger ) as well as idealists, rationalists, and empiricists.

After World War I the philosophers Edmund Husserl and ( since 1928 ) Martin Heidegger taught at Albert Ludwigs University, as well as Edith Stein.

He had an important influence on Edmund Husserl, the founder of modern phenomenology, as well as Max Wertheimer, Wolfgang Köhler and Kurt Koffka, co-founders of Gestalt psychology.

" Scheler never agreed with Husserl that phenomenology is a method in the strict sense, but rather " an attitude of spiritual seeing ... something which otherwise remains hidden ...." Calling phenomenology a method fails to take seriously the phenomenological domain of original experience: the givenness of phenomenological facts ( essences or values as a priori ) " before they have been fixed by logic ," and prior to assuming a set of criteria or symbols, as is the case in the empirical and human sciences as well as other ( modern ) philosophies which tailor their methods to those of the sciences.

Although Scheler later criticised Husserl's idealistic logical approach and proposed instead a " phenomenology of love ", he states that he remained " deeply indebted " to Husserl throughout his work.

In philosophical logic, Martin-Löf has wrestled with the philosophy of logical consequence and judgment, partly inspired by the work of Brentano, Frege, and Husserl.

Another important element that Husserl took over from Brentano is intentionality, the notion that the main characteristic of consciousness is that it is always intentional.

" Nevertheless, Gadamer noted that Heidegger was no patient collaborator with Husserl, and that Heidegger's " rash ascent to the top, the incomparable fascination he aroused, and his stormy temperament surely must have made Husserl, the patient one, as suspicious of Heidegger as he always had been of Max Scheler's volcanic fire.

An important element of phenomenology that Husserl borrowed from Brentano is intentionality ( often described as " aboutness "), the notion that consciousness is always consciousness of something.

The Noesis is always correlated with a Noema ; for Husserl, the full Noema is a complex ideal structure comprising at least a noematic sense and a noematic core.

As the institutional roots of " continental philosophy " in many cases directly descend from those of phenomenology, Edmund Husserl has always been a canonical figure in continental philosophy.

Husserl, who was a former student of Franz Brentano, thought that in the study of mind it was extremely important to acknowledge that consciousness is characterized by intentionality, a concept often explained as " aboutness "; consciousness is always consciousness of something.