A sediment core from the eastern Bransfield Basin, Antarctic Peninsula, preserves climatic events in the Little Ice Age and Medieval Warm Period.

The late Medieval period saw the recitation of certain hours of the Little Office of the Blessed Virgin, which was based on the Breviary in form and content, becoming popular among those who could read, and Bishop Challoner did much to popularise the hours of Sunday Vespers and Compline ( albeit in English translation ) in his ' Garden of the Soul ' in the eighteenth century.

Medieval military doctrine employed them as part of a combined-arms force along with various kinds of foot troops ; however medieval chroniclers tended to pay undue attention to the knights at the expense of the rank and file, which led early students of military history to suppose that this heavy cavalry was the only force that mattered on medieval European battlefields, which was not the case.

The Corsican language has been influenced by the languages of the major powers taking an interest in Corsican affairs ; earlier by those of the Medieval Italian powers: Tuscany ( 828 – 1077 ), Pisa ( 1077 – 1282 ) and Genoa ( 1282 – 1768 ), more recently by France ( 1768 – present ), which, since 1789, has promulgated the official Parisian French.

The name was transmitted via the Latin delphinus ( the romanization of the later Greek δελφῖνος – delphinos ), which in Medieval Latin became dolfinus and in Old French daulphin, which reintroduced the ph into the word.

One of the Arabic translations, ‘ Kitab ila Aglooqan fi Shifa al Amraz ’, which is extant in the Library of Ibn Sina Academy of Medieval Medicine & Sciences, is regarded as a masterpiece of Galen's literary works.

The Medieval society, in which Gothic texts are based, granted women writers the opportunity to attribute “ features of the mode Gothicism as the result of the suppression of female sexuality, or else as a challenge to the gender hierarchy and values of a male-dominated culture ”.

His reign saw what has been characterised as a " Davidian Revolution ", by which native institutions and personnel were replaced by English and French ones, underpinning the development of later Medieval Scotland.

Medieval French had two words, chevaleresse and chevalière, which were used in two ways: one was for the wife of a knight, and this usage goes back to the 14th c. The other was possibly for a female knight.

Medieval theologians, in western Europe, described the underworld (" hell ", " hades ", " infernum ") as divided into four distinct parts: Hell of the Damned ( which some call Gehenna ), Purgatory, Limbo of the Fathers or Patriarchs, and Limbo of the Infants.

Letter shapes have changed over the centuries, including the creation for Medieval Latin of lower case forms which did not exist in the Classical period.

* 1252 – Pope Innocent IV issues the papal bull ad extirpanda, which authorizes, but also limits, the torture of heretics in the Medieval Inquisition.

The bridge is a straight level bridge, which is quite unusual for Medieval Europe, where lack of technological skills meant that most bridges were of the humpback type.

For Aristotle, the first cause was the unmoved mover, a being which set the universe into motion without itself being in motion, which has been read as God, particularly when Aristotle's work became prevalent again in the Medieval West.

The word " parsley " is a merger of the Old English petersilie ( which is identical to the contemporary German word for parsley: Petersilie ) and the Old French peresil, both derived from Medieval Latin petrosilium, from Latin petroselinum, the latinisation of the Greek πετροσέλινον ( petroselinon ), " rock-parsley ", from πέτρα ( petra ), " rock, stone ", + σέλινον ( selinon ), " parsley ".

Medieval codices are constructed in " gathers " which are folded ( compare " folio ", " leaf, page " ablative case of Latin folium ), then stacked together like a newspaper and sewn together at the fold.

As had been the case since the Ars Nova ( see Medieval music ), there could be either two or three of these for each breve ( a double-whole note ), which may be looked on as equivalent to the modern " measure ," though it was itself a note value and a measure is not.

* The historic Binnenhof (" Inner Court ") and Medieval Ridderzaal (" Knights ' Hall "), which now contains the Houses of Parliament and government offices.

Louis was guaranteed the kingship of all lands to the east of the Rhine and to the north and east of Italy, which was called East Francia which was the precursor to the Medieval conglomeration of disparate states known as the Holy Roman Empire and thence to modern Germany.

The Westphalian Vehmic courts developed from the High Medieval “ free courts ” (), which had jurisdiction within a “ free county ” ().

This was eventually transformed into the Latin name Vormatia that had been in use since the 6th century, which was preserved in the Medieval Hebrew form Vermayza ( ורמיזא ).

* May 15 – Pope Innocent IV issues the papal bull Ad exstirpanda, which authorizes the torture of heretics in the Medieval Inquisition.

Hauer went on to play the adventurer courting Gene Hackman's daughter ( Theresa Russell ) in Nicolas Roeg's poorly received Eureka ( 1983 ); the investigative reporter opposite John Hurt in Sam Peckinpah's The Osterman Weekend ( 1983 ); the hardened Landsknecht mercenary Martin in Flesh & Blood ( 1985 ); and the knight paired with Michelle Pfeiffer in the Medieval romance Ladyhawke ( 1985 ).

Between the 9th and 13th centuries England went through the Medieval Warm Period, a prolonged period of warmer temperatures ; in the early 13th century, for example, summers were around 1 ° C warmer than today and the climate was slightly drier.

From 15 June 2009 the pair hosted The Supersizers Eat ..., which began with an episode on the cuisine of the 1980s and went on to look at the 1950s, 1920s, the French Revolution, Medieval culture, and ancient Rome.

In 1872 he went to the university of Strassburg and in 1873 to Leipzig, where he became Professor for Medieval and Modern Art at the newly founded Institute for Art History.

* Bernard Hamilton, " Women in the Crusader States: The Queens of Jerusalem ", in Medieval Women, edited by Derek Baker.

* Medieval Sourcebook: Speech by Urban II at Council of Clermont, 1095 ( Five versions of the Speech )

Medieval aesthetics in the realm of philosophy built upon Classical thought, continuing the practice of Plotinus by employing theological terminology in its explications.

* Russell, Frederick H. “ Just War ” in The Cambridge History of Medieval Philosophy, edited by Robert Pasnau and Christina Van Dyke.

Despite causing the predicament faced by the Medieval soldiers, Ash initially demands to be returned to his own time.

In 1731, the manuscript was badly damaged by a fire that swept through a building housing a collection of Medieval manuscripts assembled by Sir Robert Bruce Cotton.

The weaponized threat comes mainly in the form of pneumonic plague ( infection by inhalation ) It was the disease that caused the Black Death in Medieval Europe.

* " The Medieval Bestiary ", by James Grout, part of the Encyclopædia Romana.

* The Medieval Bestiary online, edited by David Badke.

A Brythonic language was used in parts of Galicia and Asturias into early Medieval times brought by Britons fleeing the Anglo-Saxon invasions via Brittany.

The elemental system used in Medieval alchemy was developed by the Arabic alchemist Jābir ibn Hayyān and others.

Constantine, son of Áed ( Medieval Gaelic: Constantín mac Áeda ; Modern Gaelic: Còiseam mac Aoidh, known in most modern regnal lists as Constantine II ; before 879 – 952 ) was an early King of Scotland, known then by the Gaelic name Alba.

* His listing in " Medieval lands " by Charles Cawley.

The occupation of the island by Vandals about 469 AD marks the end of authoritative influence by Latin-speaking Romans ( see under Medieval Corsica ).

* Bernard Gui, The Inquisitor's Guide: A Medieval Manual on Heretics, translated by Janet Shirley ( Ravenhall Books, 2006 ).

Not all Medieval writers are so at odds with the Virgilian standard, and with the rediscovery of classical literature later Medieval and Renaissance writers are far more orthodox, but by then the form had become an academic exercise.

Damascus steel was a term used by several Western cultures from the Medieval period onward to describe a type of steel created in India and used in swordmaking from about 300 BC to 1700 AD.

Possibly a borrowing ( probably via Frankish or Old High German ) of the Medieval Latin word foresta " open wood ", foresta was first used by Carolingian scribes in the Capitularies of Charlemagne to refer specifically to the king's royal hunting grounds.

The idea of feudalism was unknown and the system it describes were not conceived of as a formal political system by the people living in the Medieval Period.