Molecular clock and fossil dating suggest echidnas split from platypuses 19 – 48 million years ago.

Molecular dating suggests a split of Dicerorhinus from the four other extant species as far back as 25. 9 ± 1. 9 million years.

Molecular dating studies suggest that both the epidemic groups ( A and B ) started to spread among humans between 1905 and 1961 ( with the central estimates varying between 1932 and 1945 ).

Molecular absorption, in contrast, is much broader, so that it is more likely that some molecular absorption band will overlap with an atomic line.

" Molecular biologists, using phylogenetics, can compare protein amino acid or nucleotide sequence homology ( i. e., similarity ) to infer taxonomy and evolutionary distances among organisms, but with limited statistical confidence.

All were impressed by the new DNA model, especially Brenner who subsequently worked with Crick at Cambridge in the Cavendish Laboratory and the new Laboratory of Molecular Biology.

Molecular chemistry deals with the laws governing the interaction between molecules that results in the formation and breakage of chemical bonds, while molecular physics deals with the laws governing their structure and properties.

Molecular spectroscopy deals with the response ( spectrum ) of molecules interacting with probing signals of known energy ( or frequency, according to Planck's formula ).

Molecular orbitals arise from allowed interactions between atomic orbitals, which are allowed if the symmetries ( determined from group theory ) of the atomic orbitals are compatible with each other.

* The primary technical reference work on this topic is Nanosystems: Molecular Machinery, Manufacturing, and Computation, an in-depth, physics-based analysis of a particular class of potential nanomachines and molecular manufacturing systems, with extensive analyses of their feasibility and performance.

Nanosystems is closely based on Drexler's MIT doctoral dissertation, " Molecular Machinery and Manufacturing with Applications to Computation ".

of Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology ( India ) concluded that the " lower caste groups might have originated with the hierarchical divisions that arose within the tribal groups with the spread of Neolithic agriculturalists, much earlier than the arrival of Aryan speakers ", and " the Indo-Europeans established themselves as upper castes among this already developed caste-like class structure within the tribes.

A study conducted by the Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology in 2009 ( in collaboration with Harvard Medical School, Harvard School of Public Health and the Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT ) analyzed half a million genetic markers across the genomes of 132 individuals from 25 ethnic groups from 13 states in India across multiple caste groups.

* 1967-Co-founded ( with 4 others ) the International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science

In October 1947, he was made head of the newly constituted Medical Research Council Unit for Molecular Biology, with J. C. Kendrew representing its entire staff.

Molecular clouds may collide with each other, or a nearby supernova explosion can be a trigger, sending shocked matter into the cloud at very high speeds.

Atomic models will consist of a single nucleus that may be surrounded by one or more bound electrons, whilst molecular models are typically concerned with Molecular Hydrogen and it's Molecular hydrogen ion.

Molecular pathology shares some aspects of practice with both anatomic pathology and clinical pathology, molecular biology, biochemistry, proteomics and genetics, and is sometimes considered a " crossover " discipline.

The European Molecular Biology Laboratory EMBL made use of the possibilities that arose with the new technology and in 1972 established a permanent branch at DESY with the aim of analyzing the structure of biological molecules by means of synchrotron radiation.

Molecular data suggest that there are four clades within the Cornales: Cornus-Alangium, nyssoids-mastixioids, Hydrangeaceae-Loasaceae, and Grubbia-Curtisia, with Hydrostachyaceae in an uncertain position, possibly basal.

Molecular analysis suggests that the hexapods diverged from their sister group, the Anostraca ( fairy shrimps ), at around the start of the Silurian period-coinciding with the appearance of vascular plants on land.

* Ascalaph Molecular dynamics with fourth order symplectic integrator.

* Molecular Mimicry-An exogenous antigen may share structural similarities with certain host antigens ; thus, any antibody produced against this antigen ( which mimics the self-antigens ) can also, in theory, bind to the host antigens, and amplify the immune response.

Molecular phylogenetic analyses have proven these three are all distinctive and separate species ; other taxa formerly believed to be unique species or subspecies, such as B. betulicola, B. chippewaensis, B. persoonii, B. quercicola and B. venturii, are now known to be part of a B. edulis species complex with a wide morphological, ecological and geographic range, and that the genetic variability in this complex is low.

Molecular genetic variation across the eastern and southern geographic range of the African lion, Panthera leo.

Molecular biophysicists often consider complex biological events as systems of interacting units which can be understood through statistical mechanics, thermodynamics and chemical kinetics.

DJ Spooky's events like Molecular at The Gas Station on Avenue B and Second street in Manhattan set the tone for the genre, and predated all of the Manhattan events around what later came to be called " illbient.

Molecular genetic and genomic approaches have led to the recognition that the kinesins form a diverse superfamily of motors that are responsible for multiple intracellular motility events in eukaryotic cells.

Similar ideas are advocated in the Foresight Guidelines on Molecular Nanotechnology, and a map of the 137-dimensional replicator design space recently published by Freitas and Merkle provides numerous proposed methods by which replicators could, in principle, be safely controlled by good design.

Such a " broadcast architecture " is one of the safety features recommended by the " Foresight Guidelines on Molecular Nanotechnology ", and a map of the 137-dimensional replicator design space recently published by Freitas and Merkle provides numerous practical methods by which replicators can be safely controlled by good design.

Molecular Biotechnology have made very good impressions with the industry partners.

Molecular evidence indicates that the lineage of gibbons ( family Hylobatidae ) diverged from Great Apes some 18-12 million years ago, and that of orangutans ( subfamily Ponginae ) diverged from the other Great Apes at about 12 million years ; there are no fossils that clearly document the ancestry of gibbons, which may have originated in a so-far-unknown South East Asian hominoid population, but fossil proto-orangutans may be represented by Sivapithecus from India and Griphopithecus from Turkey, dated to around 10 million years ago.

Molecular data, including analysis of retrotransposon insertion sites in the nuclear DNA of a variety of marsupials, and the fossil evidence indicate that Ameridelphia might best be understood as an evolutionary grade.

Molecular fossil evidence, however, indicates the possibility that Bennettitales and Angiosperms ( along with Gigantopteridales ) form a clade, based on the presence of oleanane in fossils of these groups.

* Molecular evolution, evolution at the scale of molecules

Molecular diffusion, often called simply diffusion, is the thermal motion of all ( liquid or gas ) particles at temperatures above absolute zero.

Crick later became a PhD student and Honorary Fellow of Gonville and Caius College and mainly worked at the Cavendish Laboratory and the Medical Research Council ( MRC ) Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Cambridge.

* Molecular Medicine and Gene Therapy at Lund University

The theory has been presented in 2005 by Marc W. Kirschner, a professor and chair of Department of Systems Biology at Harvard Medical School, and John C. Gerhart, a professor in Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley.

", Micro and Mol Biol Revs, 68, 796-813 ( available online at Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, American Society for Microbiology )

Molecular clock calculations estimate the origin of stem group Malpighiales at around 100 Mya ( million years ago ) and the origin of crown group Malpighiales at about 90 Mya.

Molecular nanotechnology is a speculative subfield of nanotechnology regarding the possibility of engineering molecular assemblers, machines which could re-order matter at a molecular or atomic scale.

Robert A. Freitas Jr. is a Senior Research Fellow, one of four researchers at the nonprofit foundation Institute for Molecular Manufacturing in Palo Alto, California.

Volume I was published in October 1999 by Landes Bioscience while Freitas was a Research Fellow at the Institute for Molecular Manufacturing.

* Robert G. Roeder, Arnold and Mabel Beckman Professor and Head of the Laboratory of Biochemical and Molecular Biology at The Rockefeller University.

Present at the Flood: How Structural Molecular Biology Came About.

* Molecular Genetic Study of Sexual Orientation A genetic study of gay brothers at Northwestern University.

Sidney Altman ( born May 7, 1939 ) is a Canadian American molecular biologist, who is currently the Sterling Professor of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology and Chemistry at Yale University.

Later, at the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Cambridge, England, Altman started the work that led to the discovery of RNase P and the enzymatic properties of the RNA subunit of that enzyme.

In 1972, Walter Fiers and his team at the Laboratory of Molecular Biology of the University of Ghent ( Ghent, Belgium ) were the first to determine the sequence of a gene: the gene for Bacteriophage MS2 coat protein.

During the next decade, confocal fluorescence microscopy was developed into a fully mature technology, in particular by groups working at the University of Amsterdam and the European Molecular Biology Laboratory ( EMBL ) in Heidelberg and their industry partners.

The Environmental Molecular Science Laboratory at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, a major national laboratory in Richland

Despite being told that it was against the rules, Ender sacrifices most of his fighters fleet to launch a Molecular Disruption Device at the planet, destroying the planet and the entire Formic fleet.

Molecular analysis carried out at the University of Copenhagen suggests that this classification should be reviewed.