Molecular clock and fossil dating suggest echidnas split from platypuses 19 – 48 million years ago.

Molecular dating, calibrated with geographic events in the absence of a good fossil record, points at the Late Miocene, c. 8 MYA, as the point where the two genera divided into their two respective lineages.

Molecular dating studies suggest that both the epidemic groups ( A and B ) started to spread among humans between 1905 and 1961 ( with the central estimates varying between 1932 and 1945 ).

Molecular analysis suggests that the frog – salamander divergence took place considerably earlier than the palaeontological evidence indicates.

Molecular evidence suggests that the Phycodnaviridae may have evolved from the family Iridoviridae.

Molecular evidence suggests that between 8 and 4 million years ago, first the gorillas, and then the chimpanzees ( genus Pan ) split off from the line leading to the humans ; human DNA is approximately 98. 4 % identical to that of chimpanzees when comparing single nucleotide polymorphisms ( see human evolutionary genetics ).

Molecular analysis carried out at the University of Copenhagen suggests that this classification should be reviewed.

Molecular analysis suggests that the hexapods diverged from their sister group, the Anostraca ( fairy shrimps ), at around the start of the Silurian period-coinciding with the appearance of vascular plants on land.

Molecular evidence suggests that the Shoebill and the Hamerkop form a sister group to the pelicans, though there is some doubt as to the exact relationship between the three lineages.

Molecular genetics study suggests that surviving Amerindian populations derived from a theoretical single founding population, possibly from only 50 to 70 genetic contributors Preliminary research, restricted to only 9 genomic regions ( or loci ) have shown a genetic link between original Americas and Asia populations.

Molecular evidence, that is, a specific pulsed-field gel electrophoresis profile, suggests that the distinct genotype of El Tor strain which appeared in Calcutta in 1993, may have spread to the African subcontinent.

Molecular evidence suggests that a reptile-specifically a squamate-was the first vertebrate host of Plasmodium.

Molecular data suggests that the two species diverged during the Pleistocene epoch.

Molecular evidence indicates that Archaezoa have the genetic marker of mitochondria in their nucleus that suggests the had and then lost mitochondria.

Molecular data suggests that the scaphopods are a sister group to the cephalopods, although higher-level molluscan phylogeny remains somewhat unresolved.

Molecular phylogenetics suggests that the family as currently circumscribed is polyphyletic, and may lead to the resurrection of a family Acanthephyridae for all genera except Oplophorus, Systellaspis and Janicella.

Molecular phylogenetics reveals that they form a polyphyletic group and could see a split into several new phyla.

The school has centres of excellence split down into Leeds Institute of Genetics, Health and Therapeutics ( LIGHT ), Leeds Institute of Health Sciences ( LIHS ), Leeds Institute of Medical Education ( LIME ) and The Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine ( LIMM ).

Molecular evidence indicates that the lineage of gibbons ( family Hylobatidae ) diverged from Great Apes some 18-12 million years ago, and that of orangutans ( subfamily Ponginae ) diverged from the other Great Apes at about 12 million years ; there are no fossils that clearly document the ancestry of gibbons, which may have originated in a so-far-unknown South East Asian hominoid population, but fossil proto-orangutans may be represented by Sivapithecus from India and Griphopithecus from Turkey, dated to around 10 million years ago.

Molecular diffusion from a microscopic and macroscopic point of view.

Early Tertiary Out-of-India Dispersal of Crypteroniaceae: Evidence from Phylogeny and Molecular Dating.

Molecular orbitals are usually constructed by combining atomic orbitals or hybrid orbitals from each atom of the molecule, or other molecular orbitals from groups of atoms.

Molecular orbitals are obtained from the combination of atomic orbitals, which predict the location of an electron in an atom.

Molecular orbitals arise from allowed interactions between atomic orbitals, which are allowed if the symmetries ( determined from group theory ) of the atomic orbitals are compatible with each other.

Drexler argues that we may need to wait until our conventional nanotechnology improves before solving these issues: " Molecular manufacturing will result from a series of advances in molecular machine systems, much as the first Moon landing resulted from a series of advances in liquid-fuel rocket systems.

Molecular studies, however, have shown that the Cetacea descend from the Artiodactyl ancestors, although the precise phylogeny within the order remains uncertain.

A study conducted by the Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology in 2009 ( in collaboration with Harvard Medical School, Harvard School of Public Health and the Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT ) analyzed half a million genetic markers across the genomes of 132 individuals from 25 ethnic groups from 13 states in India across multiple caste groups.

Molecular excitons have several interesting properties, one of which is energy transfer ( see Förster resonance energy transfer ) whereby if a molecular exciton has proper energetic matching to a second molecule's spectral absorbance, then an exciton may transfer ( hop ) from one molecule to another.

") Molecular phylogenetics have clarified the relatedness of some associated genera, and at least nine genera that were previously included in Cornaceae have been eliminated from the order Cornales entirely, but the circumscription of Cornaceae is still unclear.

Molecular data indicate Vespertilionidae diverged from Molossidae in the early Eocene period.

Robert A. Freitas Jr. is a Senior Research Fellow, one of four researchers at the nonprofit foundation Institute for Molecular Manufacturing in Palo Alto, California.

Molecular data suggest that there are four clades within the Cornales: Cornus-Alangium, nyssoids-mastixioids, Hydrangeaceae-Loasaceae, and Grubbia-Curtisia, with Hydrostachyaceae in an uncertain position, possibly basal.

( 2006 ): Molecular data delineate four genera of " Thryothorus " wrens.

Herzberg authored some classic works in the field of spectroscopy, including Atomic Spectra and Atomic Structure and the encyclopaedic four volume work: Molecular Spectra and Molecular Structure, which is often called the spectroscopist's bible.

* ( 2001 ): Molecular systematics of the Oncidiinae based on evidence from four DNA sequence regions: expanded circumscriptions of Cyrtochilum, Erycina, Otoglossum, and Trichocentrum and a new genus ( Orchidaceae ).

Half-day juniors and seniors take these humanities at their home schools during the morning and join the AAE juniors and seniors for up to four advanced elective courses in the afternoon, such as Molecular and Cellular Biology, Multivariable Calculus, Photonics, or Astronomy I: The Cosmos, along with Advanced Placement curricula.

In 2004, NAOJ, in alliance with four other national institutes-the National Institute for Basic Biology, the National Institute for Fusion Science, the National Institute for Physiological Sciences, and the Institute for Molecular Science-established the National Institutes of Natural Sciences ( NINS ) to promote collaboration among researchers of the five constituent institutes.

Molecular systematics of the Oncidiinae based on evidence from four DNA sequence regions: expanded circumscriptions of Cyrtochilum, Erycina, Otoglossum, and Trichocentrum and a new genus ( Orchidaceae ) in Lindleyana 16 ( 2 ): 113-139 .</ ref > The last common species which was occasionally classified under Miltonia is Chamaeleorchis warszewiczii ,< ref >< span style =" font-variant: small-caps "> Senghas, Karlheinz & Lückel, Emil </ span > ( 1997 ).

This has published several books in French, four of which have been translated into English, including Molecular Gastronomy: Exploring the Science of Flavor, Kitchen Mysteries: Revealing the Science of Cooking, Cooking: The Quintessential Art, and Building a Meal: From Molecular Gastronomy to Culinary Constructivism.

Nature Publishing Group also publishes other specialized journals including Nature Neuroscience, Nature Biotechnology, Nature Methods, the Nature Clinical Practice series of journals, Nature Structural & Molecular Biology, Nature Chemistry, and the Nature Reviews series of journals.

Molecular clouds may collide with each other, or a nearby supernova explosion can be a trigger, sending shocked matter into the cloud at very high speeds.

Molecular systematic studies have suggested that these families are not closely related to each other and the APG II system ( 2003 ) assigns them to several different orders: Hamamelidaceae and Cercidiphyllaceae to Saxifragales, Eupteleaceae to Ranunculales, Platanaceae to Proteales, and Myrothamnaceae to Gunnerales.

GenBank coordinates with individual laboratories and other sequence databases such as those of the European Molecular Biology Laboratory ( EMBL ) and the DNA Data Bank of Japan ( DDBJ ).

Molecular diagnostics using the mitochondrial DNA ( mtDNA ) cytochrome b gene can differentiate A. m. scutellata from other A. mellifera lineages, though mtDNA only allows one to detect an Africanized colony that has an Africanized queen, and not colonies where a European queen has mated with Africanized drones.

In addition, several faculty members are affiliated with other programs such as the Neuroscience Graduate Program and the Cellular and Molecular Medicine.

( Wind energy ), Power Technologies Inc. ( Schenectady, USA, energy industry software and training ), CTI Molecular Imaging ( Positron emission tomography and molecular imaging systems ), Myrio ( IPTV systems ), Shaw Power Technologoes International Ltd ( UK / USA, electrical engineering consulting, acquired from Shaw Group ), and Transmitton ( Ashby de la Zouch UK, rail and other industry control and asset management ).

North Campus is home to the fraternity quads, the Henry Crown Sports Pavilion and Norris Aquatics Center and other athletic facilities, the Technological Institute, Dearborn Observatory, and other science-related buildings including Patrick G. and Shirley W. Ryan Hall for Nanofabrication and Molecular Self-Assembly, and the Ford Motor Company Engineering Design Center.

The ILL shares its site, the ' epn science campus ', with other institutions including the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility ( ESRF ) and the European Molecular Biology Laboratory ( EMBL ) and the Unit for Viral Host Cell Interactions ( UVHCI ).

Molecular phylogenetic evidence has moved several other physically dissimilar groups into Boletales, including the Sclerodermataceae ( earthballs ) and the Rhizopogonaceae ( false truffles ).

< em > Molecular Ecology </ em >, < strong > 16 </ strong >, 75 – 87 .</ ref > For most of the year, males and females live apart from each other.

For example, Molecular Ecology, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B, The American Naturalist and Theoretical Population Biology have overlap with ecology and other aspects of organismal biology.

Molecular phylogenetic analyses have proven these three are all distinctive and separate species ; other taxa formerly believed to be unique species or subspecies, such as B. betulicola, B. chippewaensis, B. persoonii, B. quercicola and B. venturii, are now known to be part of a B. edulis species complex with a wide morphological, ecological and geographic range, and that the genetic variability in this complex is low.

Molecular markers, such as allozymes ( e. g., del Río, 1999 ) and inter-simple sequence repeats ( e. g., Pissard et al., 2006 ), show oca diversity to be low relative to other crops, probably because of its vegetative mode of propagation.

Molecular investigation of the genus has revealed that Ranunculus is not monophyletic with respect to a number of other recognized genera in the family – e. g. Ceratocephala, Halerpestes, Hamadryas, Laccopetalum, Myosurus, Oxygraphis, Paroxygraphis and Trautvetteria.

The Department has a strong base in Microbial technology and the main focus of the program is on Genetics, Molecular Biology, Industrial Microbiology, Immunology and other contemporary areas allied to Microbiology and Biotechnology.

Molecular rotational motions are rapidly quenched and converted into other forms of energy in solids and liquids.

Many faculty in the department conduct research on plant-microbe interactions. The faculty and graduate students also cooperate with faculty from other UC Berkeley departments, such as the Molecular and Cell Biology Department, on researches pertaining to plant genetics and microbial biology.

Molecular data has been found to provide even less sufficient resolution, though the lapwings have not yet been as thoroughly studied under this aspect as other Charadriiformes.

Her other works are the On the Connexion of the Physical Sciences ( 1834 ), Physical Geography ( 1848 ), and Molecular and Microscopic Science ( 1869 ).