Molecular analysis suggests that the frog – salamander divergence took place considerably earlier than the palaeontological evidence indicates.

Molecular evidence indicates that the lineage of gibbons ( family Hylobatidae ) diverged from Great Apes some 18-12 million years ago, and that of orangutans ( subfamily Ponginae ) diverged from the other Great Apes at about 12 million years ; there are no fossils that clearly document the ancestry of gibbons, which may have originated in a so-far-unknown South East Asian hominoid population, but fossil proto-orangutans may be represented by Sivapithecus from India and Griphopithecus from Turkey, dated to around 10 million years ago.

Molecular evidence suggests that between 8 and 4 million years ago, first the gorillas, and then the chimpanzees ( genus Pan ) split off from the line leading to the humans ; human DNA is approximately 98. 4 % identical to that of chimpanzees when comparing single nucleotide polymorphisms ( see human evolutionary genetics ).

Molecular evidence place them within the family Peridiscaceae of the order Saxifragales.

Molecular evidence shows that some limited number of Hox genes have existed in the Cnidaria since before the earliest true Bilatera, making these genes pre-Paleozoic.

Molecular evidence suggests that the Shoebill and the Hamerkop form a sister group to the pelicans, though there is some doubt as to the exact relationship between the three lineages.

Molecular evidence strongly confirms that Psilotum is a fern.

Molecular evidence, that is, a specific pulsed-field gel electrophoresis profile, suggests that the distinct genotype of El Tor strain which appeared in Calcutta in 1993, may have spread to the African subcontinent.

Molecular and morphological evidence places Macgregoria in the Meliphagidae and the Cnemophilinae near the base of the corvoid tree.

Molecular evidence indicates that the steppe polecat and black-footed ferret diverged from Mustela stromeri sometime between 500, 000 and 2, 000, 000 years ago, perhaps in Beringia.

Molecular evidence suggests that a reptile-specifically a squamate-was the first vertebrate host of Plasmodium.

Molecular phylogenetic evidence has moved several other physically dissimilar groups into Boletales, including the Sclerodermataceae ( earthballs ) and the Rhizopogonaceae ( false truffles ).

Molecular data, including analysis of retrotransposon insertion sites in the nuclear DNA of a variety of marsupials, and the fossil evidence indicate that Ameridelphia might best be understood as an evolutionary grade.

Molecular evidence such as a result of studies of the evolution of small-subunit ribosomal RNA ( rRNA ) supports the monophyly of the phyla listed in the infobox shown at right.

* ( 2001 ): Molecular systematics of the Oncidiinae based on evidence from four DNA sequence regions: expanded circumscriptions of Cyrtochilum, Erycina, Otoglossum, and Trichocentrum and a new genus ( Orchidaceae ).

Molecular phylogenetic evidence demonstrates that asexual Neotyphodium species are derived either from individual Epichloë species, or more commonly, from hybrids with at least two ancestral Epichloë species.

Molecular evidence indicates that Archaezoa have the genetic marker of mitochondria in their nucleus that suggests the had and then lost mitochondria.

Molecular phylogenetic investigation ( as well as supporting evidence from micromorphology and chemotaxonomy ) has since demonstrated that similar types of basidiomycete growth form are often examples of convergent evolution and do not always reflect a close relationship between different groups of fungi.

Molecular evidence that the spiny mouse ( Acomys ) is more closely related to gerbils ( Gerbillinae ) than to the true mice ( Murinae ).

Molecular evidence that the spiny mouse ( Acomys ) is more closely related to gerbils ( Gerbillinae ) than to the true mice ( Murinae ).

Molecular systematics of the Oncidiinae based on evidence from four DNA sequence regions: expanded circumscriptions of Cyrtochilum, Erycina, Otoglossum, and Trichocentrum and a new genus ( Orchidaceae ) in Lindleyana 16 ( 2 ): 113-139 .</ ref > The last common species which was occasionally classified under Miltonia is Chamaeleorchis warszewiczii ,< ref >< span style =" font-variant: small-caps "> Senghas, Karlheinz & Lückel, Emil </ span > ( 1997 ).

* ( 2006 ): Molecular evidence for the non-monophyletic status of Naidinae ( Annelida, Clitellata, Tubificidae ). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 40: 570-584.

Molecular fossil evidence, however, indicates the possibility that Bennettitales and Angiosperms ( along with Gigantopteridales ) form a clade, based on the presence of oleanane in fossils of these groups.

Molecular analysis carried out at the University of Copenhagen suggests that this classification should be reviewed.

Molecular analysis suggests that the hexapods diverged from their sister group, the Anostraca ( fairy shrimps ), at around the start of the Silurian period-coinciding with the appearance of vascular plants on land.

Molecular genetics study suggests that surviving Amerindian populations derived from a theoretical single founding population, possibly from only 50 to 70 genetic contributors Preliminary research, restricted to only 9 genomic regions ( or loci ) have shown a genetic link between original Americas and Asia populations.

Molecular data suggests that the two species diverged during the Pleistocene epoch.

Molecular dating suggests a split of Dicerorhinus from the four other extant species as far back as 25. 9 ± 1. 9 million years.

Molecular data suggests that the scaphopods are a sister group to the cephalopods, although higher-level molluscan phylogeny remains somewhat unresolved.

Molecular phylogenetics suggests that the family as currently circumscribed is polyphyletic, and may lead to the resurrection of a family Acanthephyridae for all genera except Oplophorus, Systellaspis and Janicella.

It began in the 1948 paper, " On the Problem of the Molecular Theory of Superconductivity " where Fritz London proposed that the phenomenological London equations may be consequences of the coherence of a quantum state.

Drexler argues that we may need to wait until our conventional nanotechnology improves before solving these issues: " Molecular manufacturing will result from a series of advances in molecular machine systems, much as the first Moon landing resulted from a series of advances in liquid-fuel rocket systems.

Molecular excitons may even be entirely located on the same molecule, as in fullerenes.

Molecular excitons have several interesting properties, one of which is energy transfer ( see Förster resonance energy transfer ) whereby if a molecular exciton has proper energetic matching to a second molecule's spectral absorbance, then an exciton may transfer ( hop ) from one molecule to another.

Molecular clouds may collide with each other, or a nearby supernova explosion can be a trigger, sending shocked matter into the cloud at very high speeds.

Atomic models will consist of a single nucleus that may be surrounded by one or more bound electrons, whilst molecular models are typically concerned with Molecular Hydrogen and it's Molecular hydrogen ion.

* Molecular Mimicry-An exogenous antigen may share structural similarities with certain host antigens ; thus, any antibody produced against this antigen ( which mimics the self-antigens ) can also, in theory, bind to the host antigens, and amplify the immune response.

Sometimes divisions may be finer: for example, Harvard University has separate departments of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Molecular and Cellular Biology, and Chemistry and Chemical Biology.

Molecular mechanics or molecular dynamics are most often used to predict the conformation of the small molecule and to model conformational changes in the biological target that may occur when the small molecule binds to it.

Molecular mechanics methods may also be used to provide semi-quantitative prediction of the binding affinity.

* Molecular shuttle power: Smart dust biosensors may be smaller than a grain of sand but they have big potential-an Instant Insight from the Royal Society of Chemistry

This may include treating atoms as the smallest individual unit ( the Molecular mechanics approach ), or explicitly modeling electrons of each atom ( the quantum chemistry approach ).

Molecular estimates, however, suggest the species may have diverged much earlier, around 11. 7 million years ago.

Molecular diagnostics may make this differentiation obsolete in the future.

Molecular phylogenetic studies show that, as an ancient species in the order Carnivora, the Red Panda is relatively close to the American Raccoon and may be either a monotypic family or a subfamily within the procynonid family.

Molecular genetic studies of the HPRT gene mutations may confirm diagnosis, and are particularly helpful for subsequent ' carrier testing ' in at-risk females such as close family relatives on the female side.

High Number-Average Molecular Weight Polymers may be obtained only with a high fractional monomer conversion in the case of step-growth polymerization, as per the Carothers ' equation.

Molecular docking may be defined as an optimization problem, which would describe the “ best-fit ” orientation of a ligand that binds to a particular protein of interest.