Ptolemy Apion, the last Greek ruler, bequeathed Cyrenaica to Rome, which formally annexed the region in 74 BC and joined it to Crete as a Roman province.

* Ptolemy Apion inherits the kingdom of Cyrenaica.

* Cyrene is left to the people of Rome by its ruler Ptolemy Apion.

* Ptolemy Apion, king of Cyrene

Cyrenaica became part of the Ptolemaic empire controlled from Alexandria, and became Roman territory in 96 BC when Ptolemy Apion bequeathed Cyrenaica to Rome.

Portrait of a Ptolemaic ruler, maybe Ptolemy Apion, 1st century BC, from the temple of Apollo at Cyrene, Libya | Cyrene, British Museum

# The archives of the most ancient races — the Egyptians, Chaldaeans, and Phoenicians — need to be opened, and their citizens must be called upon, through whom knowledge must be provided — a certain Manetho the Egyptian and Berosus the Chaldaean, but also Jerome the Phoenician king of Tyre ; and their followers, too: Ptolemy the Mendesian and Menander the Ephesian and Demetrius the Phalerean and king Juba and Apion and Thallus and the one who either proves or refutes these men, Josephus the Jew.

In his reworking of the Ptolemy atlas, the continent is labelled simply Terra Incognita ( unknown land ).

The Brahmasphutasiddhanta is the earliest known text to treat zero as a number in its own right, rather than as simply a placeholder digit in representing another number as was done by the Babylonians or as a symbol for a lack of quantity as was done by Ptolemy and the Romans.

Pliny and Ptolemy simply name it Equestris ; and so it is named in the Itineraries.

Before the mention of Alemanni in the time of Caracalla, you would search in vain for Alemanni in the moderately detailed geography of southern Germany in Claudius Ptolemy, written in Greek in the mid-2nd century ; it is likely that at that time, the people who later used that name were known by other designations.

Ptolemy Philometor, who was Alexander's father-in-law, went over to his side, and Alexander was defeated in the battle of Antioch ( 145 BC ) in Syria, sometimes known as the battle of the Oenoparus.

He was also an accomplished astronomer ; he lectured on Ptolemy and is known to have written a treatise on the astrolabe.

Ptolemy and Aristotle theorised that light either shone from the eye to illuminate objects or that light emanated from objects themselves, whereas al-Haytham ( known by the Latin name Alhazen ) suggested that light travels to the eye in rays from different points on an object.

The most well known of these relationships were in the royal family, the Ptolemies ; The famous Cleopatra VII was married to her younger brother, Ptolemy XIII.

The Ptolemaic dynasty, (, sometimes also known as the Lagids or Lagides,, from the name of Ptolemy I's father, Lagus ) was a Macedonian Greek royal family which ruled the Ptolemaic Empire in Egypt during the Hellenistic period.

In 305 BC, he declared himself King Ptolemy I, later known as " Soter " ( saviour ).

Two other fragmentary copies of the same decree were discovered later, and several similar Egyptian bilingual or trilingual inscriptions are now known, including two slightly earlier Ptolemaic decrees ( the Decree of Canopus in 238 BC, and the Memphis decree of Ptolemy IV, ca.

In the time of Ptolemy the oasis was known as Lathrippa.

After the conquest of Egypt by Alexander the Great, and the Hellenization of the Egyptian culture initiated by Ptolemy I Soter, Isis eventually became known as Queen of Heaven.

* The Hellenistic astronomer Ptolemy, in Almagest IV 2, discusses the duration and ratios of several periods related to the Moon, as known to " ancient astronomers " and " the Chaldeans " and improved by Hipparchus.

Rebuilt by Lefkonas, son of Ptolemy I around 300 BC, Ledra is described as a small and unimportant town, also known as Lefkotheon.

Ptolemy III Euergetes was responsible for the first known example of a series of decrees published as bilingual inscriptions on massive stone blocks in three writing systems.

* Berenice's brother, Ptolemy III, sets about to avenge his sister's murder by invading Syria which begins the Third Syrian War ( also known as the Laodicean War ).

It was later known to Hipparchus, Pliny and Ptolemy, but under different names.

The exact dates of his life are not known, but astronomical observations attributed to him by Ptolemy date from 147 BC to 127 BC.

The first astronomer known to have continued Hipparchus ' work on precession is Ptolemy in the 2nd century.

Ptolemy ( c. 83 – c. 168 ) refers to a settlement of the Votadini known to the Romans as " Alauna ", meaning " rock place ", which may be the earliest known name for the Castle Rock.

Ptolemy XV Philopator Philometor Caesar (, Ptolemaios IEʹ Philopatōr Philomētōr Kaisar ; ; June 23, 47 BC – August 23, 30 BC ), better known by the nicknames Caesarion (;, Kaisariōn, literally " little Caesar "; ) and Ptolemy Caesar (;, Ptolemaios Kaisar ; ), was the last king of the Ptolemaic dynasty of Egypt, who reigned jointly with his mother Cleopatra VII of Egypt, from September 2, 47 BC.

Had the native history of Berossus survived, this may not have been the case ; all that is known of the Chaldaean historian's work, however, is derived from quotations in Josephus, Ptolemy, Eusebius, Jerome and George Syncellus.

Ptolemy I Soter I (, Ptolemaĩos Sōtḗr, i. e. Ptolemy ( pronounced ) the Savior ), also known as Ptolemy Lagides, c. 367 BC – c. 283 BC, was a Macedonian general under Alexander the Great, who became ruler of Egypt ( 323 BC – 283 BC ) and founder of both the Ptolemaic Kingdom and the Ptolemaic Dynasty.

The Hellenistic astronomers Hipparchus ( c. 150 BC ) and Ptolemy ( c. AD 150 ) subdivided the day sexagesimally and also used a mean hour, simple fractions of an hour (,, etc.

He further connected this toxrï with the ethnonym Tócharoi (, Ptolemy VI, 11, 6, 2nd cent.

Ptolemy III Euergetes, (, Ptolemaĩos Euergétēs, reigned 246 BC – 222 BC ) was the third ruler of the Ptolemaic dynasty in Egypt.

Ptolemy Philadelphus (, " Ptolemy the brother-loving ", August / September 36 BC – 29 BC ) was a Ptolemaic prince and was the youngest and fourth child of Greek Ptolemaic Queen Cleopatra VII of Egypt, and her third with Roman Triumvir Mark Antony.

Ptolemy V Epiphanes (, Ptolemaĩos Epiphanḗs, reigned 204 – 181 BC ), son of Ptolemy IV Philopator and Arsinoe III of Egypt, was the fifth ruler of the Ptolemaic dynasty.

Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator (, Ptolemaĩos Néos Philopátōr ) was an Egyptian king of the Ptolemaic period.

Being called Buto by the Greeks during Ptolemaic Egypt, a Greek dynasty ruling from 305 to 30 BC, it was the capital town, or according to Herodian, merely the principal village of the Nile Delta, which Herodotus ( l. c .) calls the Chemmite nome ; Ptolemy, the Phthenothite nome (, iv.

Müller called the languages " Tocharian " ( German Tocharisch ), linking this toxrï with the ethnonym Tókharoi (, Ptolemy VI, 11, 6, 2nd cent.

Calisia (, ) was a " station " on so-called " Amber Road ", mentioned by Ptolemy, formerly universally identified with Kalisz in Poland.

Ptolemy Neos Dionysos Theos Philopator Theos Philadelphos ( 117 – 51 BC ;, spoken Ptolemaios Néos Diónusos Theós Philopátōr Theós Philádelphos ≈ New Dionysus, God Beloved of his Father, God Beloved of his Brother ), more commonly known as " Auletes " (, Aulētḗs = the Flutist ) or " Nothos " (, Nóthos = the Bastard ), was an Egyptian king of Macedonian descent.

Ptolemy XIV (, Ptolemaĩos, who lived 60 BC / 59 BC – 44 BC and reigned 47 BC – 44 BC ), was a son of Ptolemy XII of Egypt and one of the last members of the Ptolemaic dynasty of Egypt.

Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II (, Ptolemaĩos Euergétēs ) ( c. 182 BC – June 26, 116 BC ), nicknamed, Phúskōn, Physcon (" Sausage ", " Potbelly " or " Bladder ") for his obesity, was a king of the Ptolemaic dynasty in Egypt.

Ptolemy IX Soter II or Lathyros (" grass pea ") (, Ptolemaĩos Sōtḗr Láthuros ) was king of Egypt three times, from 116 BC to 110 BC, 109 BC to 107 BC and 88 BC to 81 BC, with intervening periods ruled by his brother, Ptolemy X Alexander.