Some philosophers deny that the concept of " being " has any meaning at all, since we only define an object's existence by its relation to other objects, and actions it undertakes.

Some philosophers who have had more noteworthy theories are Parmenides, Leucippus, Plato, Aristotle, Augustine, Plotinus, Aquinas, Descartes, Spinoza, Leibniz, Hegel, Heidegger, and Sartre.

Some philosophers believe that Block's two types of consciousness are not the end of the story.

Some philosophers, such as Daniel Dennett in an essay titled The Unimagined Preposterousness of Zombies, argue that people who give this explanation do not really understand what they are saying.

Some philosophers have argued that it is intrinsically unsolvable, because qualities (" qualia ") are ineffable ; that is, they are " raw feels ", incapable of being analyzed into component processes.

Some contemporary philosophers and scientists ( e. g. David Deutsch in The Fabric of Reality ) employ virtual reality in various thought experiments.

Some philosophers think there is an important distinction between " knowing that ," " knowing how ," and " acquaintance-knowledge ," with epistemology primarily interested in the first.

Some philosophers rely on descriptive ethics and choices made and unchallenged by a society or culture to derive categories, which typically vary by context.

Some philosophers, such as Dennett, reject both epiphenomenalism and the existence of qualia with the same charge that Gilbert Ryle leveled against a Cartesian " ghost in the machine ", that they too are category mistakes.

Some notable philosophers, such as Alasdair MacIntyre, have theorized freedom in terms of our social interdependence with other people.

Some ancient authorities in the doxographic tradition credited the Greek philosophers Pythagoras, in the 6th century BC, and Parmenides, in the 5th, with recognizing that the Earth is spherical.

Some philosophers believe that an object can't persist through a change of parts.

Some philosophers embrace the existence of both kinds of reason, while others deny the existence of one or the other.

Some philosophers argue that Sartre's thought is contradictory.

Some philosophers used to contend that positivism was the theory that there is " no necessary connection " between law and morality ; but influential contemporary positivists, including Joseph Raz, John Gardner, and Leslie Green, reject that view.

Some time afterwards, he chanced upon an old man, possibly a Palestinian or Syrian Christian, in the vicinity of the seashore, who engaged him in a dialogue about God, and spoke of the testimony of the prophets as more reliable than the reasoning of philosophers.

Some analytical philosophers argue that all meaningful empirical questions are to be answered by science, not philosophy.

Some philosophers ( e. g. existentialists, pragmatists ) think philosophy is ultimately a practical discipline that should help us lead meaningful lives by showing us who we are, how we relate to the world around us and what we should do.

Some philosophers of science, such as the neo-positivists, say that natural science rejects the study of metaphysics, while other philosophers of science strongly disagree.

Some philosophers, known as Incompatibilists, view determinism and free will as mutually exclusive.

Some philosophers maintain that moral relativism entails non-cognitivism.

Some of the philosophers are portrayed according to their works.

Some of the earliest recorded speculations linked mind ( sometimes described as identical with soul or spirit ) to theories concerning both life after death, and cosmological and natural order, for example in the doctrines of Zoroaster, the Buddha, Plato, Aristotle, and other ancient Greek, Indian and, later, Islamic and medieval European philosophers.

Some philosophers divide consciousness into phenomenal consciousness, which is subjective experience itself, and access consciousness, which refers to the global availability of information to processing systems in the brain.

Some psychologists, in fact, suggest that career-bound husbands often are more to blame for topsy-turvy marriages than their wives.

Some sociologists and psychologists have noted that autobiography offers the author the ability to recreate history.

Some evolutionary psychologists apply the same thinking to psychology, arguing that the mind has a modular structure similar to that of the body, with different modular adaptations serving different functions.

Some psychologists claim that research evidence for this type of far transfer is scarce, while others claim there is abundant evidence of far transfer in specific domains.

Some psychologists such as John B. Watson, Robert Plutchik, and Paul Ekman have suggested that there is only a small set of basic or innate emotions and that fear is one of them.

Some psychologists argue that only the " higher " intellectual functions constitute mind, particularly reason and memory.

Some psychologists propose that this processing gives rise to particular mental states ( cognitivism ) whilst others envisage a direct path back into the external world in the form of action ( radical behaviourism ).

Some biologists, anthropologists and evolutionary psychologists believe this in-group / out-group discrimination has evolved because it enhances group survival.

Some U. S. states and territories, following the creation of the prescriptive authority for psychologists movement, have granted prescriptive privileges to clinical psychologists who have undergone additional specialised education and training in medical psychology.

Some psychologists use " confirmation bias " to refer to any way in which people avoid rejecting a belief, whether in searching for evidence, interpreting it, or recalling it from memory.

Some social psychologists identify it as linked to a signal of high social status.

Some psychologists ( Fordor, 1959 ; Ehrenwald, 1974 ) proposed that an OBE is a defense mechanism designed to deal with the threat of death.

Some psychologists advocate a positive psychology, and explicitly embrace an empirical self-help philosophy ; " the role of positive psychology is to become a bridge between the ivory tower and the main street-between the rigor of academe and the fun of the self-help movement.

Some psychologists cite such behavior as a mechanism for coping with the anxiety associated with starting or completing any task or decision.

Some evolutionary psychologists, in effect agreeing with Chomsky, argue that the apparent impossibility of teaching language to animals is indicative that the ability to use language is an innately human development.

Some social psychologists have argued that the act of freely choosing a specific therapy, together with the effort and money invested by the client in order to continue to engage in the chosen therapy, positively influences the effectiveness of therapy.

Some psychologists suggest changing norms of sunlight in particular can cause Seasonal affective disorder.

Some psychologists have theorized that the formation of youth culture is an attempt to adopt an identity that reconciles these two conflicting expectations.

Some psychotherapists and psychologists practicing various kinds of Body Psychotherapy and Somatic Psychology have continued to use Reich's proposed emotional-release methods and character-analysis ideas, but use of orgone equipment is rare, limited mainly to therapists who have been trained in " Reichian " institutions such as the American College of Orgonomy.

Some feminists and psychologists argue that such objectification can lead to negative psychological effects including depression and hopelessness, and can give women negative self-images because of the belief that their intelligence and competence are currently not being, or will never be, acknowledged by society.

Some, especially depth psychologists, also study the unconscious mind.

Some psychologists believe that a significant portion of human behavior is energized and directed by unconscious motives.

Some severe cases of micromanagement arise from other underlying mental-health conditions such as obsessive – compulsive personality disorder, although not all allegations of such conditions by subordinates and other " armchair psychologists " are accurate.