Thus the only member churches of the present Anglican Communion existing by the mid-18th century were the Church of England, its closely linked sister church, the Church of Ireland ( which also separated from Roman Catholicism under Henry VIII ) and the Scottish Episcopal Church which for parts of the 17th and 18th centuries was partially underground ( it was suspected of Jacobite sympathies ).

Under the Roman alliance, the more oligarchic parts of the Athenian constitution, the Areopagus and election of officials, became relatively more important, and the Assembly and selection by lot less so.

John XXIII was acknowledged as pope by France, England, Bohemia, Prussia, Portugal, parts of the Holy Roman Empire, and numerous Northern Italian city states, including Florence and Venice ; however, the Avignon Pope Benedict XIII was regarded as pope by the Kingdoms of Aragon, Castile, and Scotland and Gregory XII was still favored by Ladislaus of Naples, Carlo I Malatesta, the princes of Bavaria, Louis III, Elector Palatine, and parts of Germany and Poland.

The form used in the Roman Rite included anointing of seven parts of the body while saying ( in Latin ): " Through this holy unction and His own most tender mercy may the Lord pardon thee whatever sins or faults thou hast committed deliquisti by sight hearing, smell, taste, touch, walking, carnal delectation ", the last phrase corresponding to the part of the body that was touched ; however, in the words of the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia, " the unction of the loins is generally, if not universally, omitted in English-speaking countries, and it is of course everywhere forbidden in case of women ".

* The Duchy of Brabant, a duchy of the Holy Roman Empire between 1183 – 1648 covering parts of the Netherlands and Belgium, ruled over by the Dukes of Brabant

The Romans made use of fired bricks, and the Roman legions, which operated mobile kilns, introduced bricks to many parts of the empire.

This is still the understanding in Roman Catholicism, some parts of Anglicanism, Lutheranism and Eastern Orthodoxy.

In ancient literature, we find a reference to the workings of water-powered marble saws close to Trier, now Germany, by the late 4th century poet Ausonius ; about the same time, these mill types seem also to be indicated by the Christian saint Gregory of Nyssa from Anatolia, demonstrating a diversified use of water-power in many parts of the Roman Empire.

The Arabs who conquered large parts of the land that once belonged to the Eastern Roman Empire issued their own Gold dinar.

However, this overlooks those parts of scripture which provide for the doctrine of the " Two Swords " and for the medieval Roman Catholic concept of the powers of kings to protect the Christian Constitution of states, to defend and extend the boundaries of Christendom by lawful means only, to protect and defend the innocent, the weak, the poor and the vulnerable, and to protect the church and the papacy with the king's own life, if necessary.

* Koine Greek and Modern Greek, in the Eastern Roman or Byzantine Empire and other parts of the Balkans south of the Jireček Line.

This idea of the divinity of Christ, along with the idea of Christ as a messenger from God ( The Father ), had long existed in various parts of the Roman empire.

Francia, as this state is sometimes known, was divided into several parts, West Francia would evolve into the Kingdom of France, while East Francia would evolve into the Holy Roman Empire, a precursor to modern Germany.

The two parts of the Holy Roman Empire clashed in the Thirty Years ' War ( 1618 – 1648 ), which was ruinous to the twenty million civilians.

Note the map indicates the contemporary coast lines, which are different, in parts of the English Channel and the North Sea, from those of Roman Britain.

Roman Catholicism was not totally eliminated, and remained strong particularly in parts of the highlands.

Merchants and artisans from many parts of the Roman world established themselves in coastal Libya and the province was greatly " Romanized ", according to Theodore Mommsen.

The modern territory of Albania has no counterpart in antiquity, comprising parts of the Roman provinces of Dalmatia ( southern Illyricum ), Macedonia ( particularly Epirus Nova ), and Moesia Superior.

The Roman Empire would later control parts of Western Asia.

The cult of the deity spread to other parts of the Roman Empire in the 2nd century.

Leaders and members of Unitas Fratrum were forced to choose to either leave the many and varied southeastern principalities of what was the Holy Roman Empire ( mainly Austria, Hungary, Bohemia, Moravia and parts of Germany and its many states ), or to practice their beliefs secretly.

The later 20th century saw a remarkable change in the attitude of Roman Catholic theologians to Palamas, a " rehabilitation " of him that has led to increasing parts of the Western Church considering him a saint, even if uncanonized.

She invited numerous German religious people from the Holy Roman Empire into the Silesian lands, as well as German settlers who founded numerous cities, towns and villages in the course of the Ostsiedlung, while cultivating barren parts of Silesia for agriculture.

The finished product was built in admirable form for the Roman Emperor, “ All of these elements marvelously fitted together in mid-air, suspended from one another and reposing only on the parts adjacent to them, produce a unified and most remarkable harmony in the work, and yet do not allow the spectators to rest their gaze upon any one of them for a length of time .”

The scene is adapted from Germania Superior | Roman era gravestones of the region.

The Roman Empire made no further concerted attempts to conquer Germania beyond the Rhine.

* A map of the Roman province Germania Inferior and neighbouring tribes.

Cities essentially disappeared, earliest in Roman Britain and Germania and latest in the Eastern Roman Empire and Visigothic Spain.

By 6, Domitian's mother and sister had long died, while his father and brother were continuously active in the Roman military, commanding armies in Germania and Judaea.

On 1 January 89, the governor of Germania Superior, Lucius Antonius Saturninus, and his two legions at Mainz, Legio XIV Gemina and Legio XXI Rapax, revolted against the Roman Empire with the aid of the Chatti.

First, Germania was a geographical area of land on the east bank of the Rhine from Gaul, and outside Roman control.

The concept of Germany as a distinct region in central Europe can be traced to Roman commander Julius Caesar, who referred to the unconquered area east of the Rhine as Germania, thus distinguishing it from Gaul ( France ), which he had conquered.

In the first years of the 1st century, Roman legions conducted a long campaign in Germania, the area north of the Upper Danube and east of the Rhine, in an attempt to expand the Empire's frontiers and shorten its frontier line.

By AD 100, the time of Tacitus's Germania, Germanic tribes settled along the Roman frontier at the Rhine and the Danube ( the Limes Germanicus ), occupying most of the area of modern Germany ; however, Austria, southern Bavaria, and the western Rhineland were Roman provinces.

The collapse of the Western Roman Empire did not lead to the same wholesale destruction of Western classical society as happened in areas like Roman Britain, Gaul and Germania Inferior during the Dark Ages, although the institutions, infrastructure and economy did suffer considerable degradation.

The reasons why the Lombards disappear, as such, from Roman history from 166 – 489 could be that they dwelt so deep into Inner Germania that they were detectable only when they appeared on the Danubian banks again, or that the Lombards were also subjected into a bigger tribal union, most probably the Saxons.

Personifications of Sclavinia / Wends, Germania, Gallia, and Roman Empire | Roma, bringing offerings to Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor | Otto III ; from a gospel book dated 990

Njörðr is often identified with the goddess Nerthus, whose reverence by various Germanic tribes is described by Roman historian Tacitus in his 1st CE century work Germania.

Roman provinces along the Ister ( Danube ), showing Dacia, Moesia and Thrace, with Sarmatia to the north and Germania to the northwest.

Category: Roman governors of Germania Inferior

Personifications of Sclavinia ( Wends ), Germania, Gallia, and Roman Empire | Roma, bringing offerings to Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor | Otto III ; from a gospel book dated 990.

For people living in medieval Northern Holy Roman Empire and its precursors, especially for the Saxons, a Wend ( Wende ) was a Slav living west of the Oder River area, an area later entitled Germania Slavica, settled by the Polabian tribes ( mentioned above ) in the north and by others, such as the Sorbs and the Milceni, in the middle.

In Roman times, Turicum was a tax-collecting point at the border of Gallia Belgica ( from AD 90 Germania superior ) and Raetia for goods trafficked on the Limmat river.

* January 1 – The Roman legions in Germania Superior refuses to swear loyalty to Galba.