The core ideas of the Big Bang — the expansion, the early hot state, the formation of helium, and the formation of galaxies — are derived from many observations that are independent from any cosmological model ; these include the abundance of light elements, the cosmic microwave background, large scale structure, and the Hubble diagram for Type Ia supernovae.

The earliest and most direct kinds of observational evidence are the Hubble-type expansion seen in the redshifts of galaxies, the detailed measurements of the cosmic microwave background, the relative abundances of light elements produced by Big Bang nucleosynthesis, and today also the large scale distribution and apparent evolution of galaxies predicted to occur due to gravitational growth of structure in the standard theory.

The most distant light of all, cosmic microwave background radiation, is isotropic to at least one part in a thousand.

A similar effect can be achieved by drawing different tones close together ; a light edge next to a dark background will stand out to the eye, and almost appear to float above the surface.

Gravitational lensing observations of galaxy clusters allow direct estimates of the gravitational mass based on its effect on light from background galaxies, since large collections of matter ( dark or otherwise ) will gravitationally deflect light.

: Microlensing occurs when the gravitational field of a star acts like a lens, magnifying the light of a distant background star.

All this meant that the figures of the actors were modelled more by the lighting, and more separated from the background by the lower light levels now used on the sets.

Fluorescence in the life sciences is used generally as a non-destructive way of tracking or analysis of biological molecules by means of the fluorescent emission at a specific frequency where there is no background from the excitation light, as relatively few cellular components are naturally fluorescent ( called intrinsic or autofluorescence ).

Rheinberg illumination is a special variant of dark field illumination in which transparent, colored filters are inserted just before the condenser so that light rays at high aperture are differently colored than those at low aperture ( i. e. the background to the specimen may be blue while the object appears self-luminous red ).

The concentration of dust within molecular cores is normally sufficient to block light from background stars so that they appear in silhouette as dark nebulae.

Well known examples of his work also include Drawing Hands, a work in which two hands are shown, each drawing the other ; Sky and Water, in which light plays on shadow to morph the water background behind fish figures into bird figures on a sky background ; and Ascending and Descending, in which lines of people ascend and descend stairs in an infinite loop, on a construction which is impossible to build and possible to draw only by taking advantage of quirks of perception and perspective.

Thus the observed radiation density ( the sky brightness of extragalactic background light ) can be independent of finiteness of the Universe.

The square upper-sleeve insignia comprised Bellerophon / Pegasus in light blue on a maroon background.

A watermark is a recognizable image or pattern in paper that appears as various shades of lightness / darkness when viewed by transmitted light ( or when viewed by reflected light, atop a dark background ), caused by thickness or density variations in the paper.

Lengths with order of magnitude 1e17m: yellow Vernal Point arrow traces hundred light year radius circle with smaller ten light year circle at right ; globular cluster Messier 5 in background ; 12 light year radius Orion Nebula middle right ; 50 light year wide view of the Carina Nebula bottom left ; Pleiades cluster and Bubble nebula with similar diameters each around 10 light years bottom right ; grey arrows show distances from Sun to stars Aldebaran ( 65 light years ) and Vega ( 25 light years ).

Lengths with order of magnitude 1e18m: thousand light year radius circle with yellow arrow and 100 light year circle at right with globular cluster Messier 5 within and Carina Nebula in front ; globular cluster Omega Centauri to left of both ; part of the 1400 light year wide Tarantula Nebula fills the background.

It is from this unpromising background that the fictional private detective was recruited.

But in looking at Faulkner against his background in Mississippi and the South, it is important not to lose the broader perspective.

This is not to assume that his work was without merit, but the validity of his assumptions concerning the meaning of history must always be considered against this background of an unprofessional approach.

The pressure for our entry to the Common Market is mounting and we will proceed towards this amalgamated trade union by way of a purely `` economic thoroughfare '', or garden path, with the political ramifications kept neatly in the background.

In these readings, the double bass is either kept discreetly in the background, or it is dressed in clown's attire -- the musical equivalent of a bull in a china shop.

If the background of design is too smooth, or you wish to create a wood-grained effect, it may be added at this time with a dull tool such as the handle of a fine paintbrush.

In following this general principle, Mason provides the observer with a natural eye progression from foreground to background, and the illusion of depth is instantly created.

Cellulose acetate butyrate is used extensively for vacuum-formed signs, background panels, and molded or formed letters because of its exceptional toughness, ease of forming, and excellent weathering properties.

The background, which is available in various widths and continuous lengths, is extruded with parallel undercut grooves which grip the flexible letters securely.

The purpose set forth at the beginning of this book was first to introduce the reader to a general background knowledge of the various types and capabilities of the forecasting methods already in use, so that he might then be in a position to evaluate for himself the validity of the rather astonishing empirical correlation that is to follow, and to appraise the forecast that its interpretation suggests for the future of farm prices over the years immediately ahead.

While this influence is a complex matter, depending upon personality factors in the individual as well as upon his social-class experience, there probably are some general statements about social-class background and educational policy that can be made with a fair degree of truth.

The actual surface becomes both ground and background, and it turns out -- suddenly and paradoxically -- that the only place left for a three-dimensional illusion is in front of, upon, the surface.

One had to manage the given subjects, three diverse recent events, so as to make them part of a classical frieze, -- that is, a pattern of large figures filling the space, with not much else, against a blank background.

A brown hatching reinforces and broadens shadows, and much of the background is solidly covered with a dark coat.

Experience showed, however, that it is very difficult to paint a dark umber background in fresco that will not dry out spotty and uneven.

It is curious that at its best, the work of this school of painting -- Mark Rothko, Jackson Pollock, Clyfford Still, Robert Motherwell, Willem De-Kooning, and the rest -- resembles nothing so much as the passage painting of quite unimpressive painters: the mother-of-pearl shimmer in the background of a Henry McFee, itself a formula derived from Renoir ; ;

The 53-year-old Shea, a prominent corporation lawyer with a sports background, is generally recognized as the man most responsible for the imminent return of a National League club to New York.

He is, by background and living standards, better fitted to endure hardship uncomplainingly, to demand less in the way of subsistence or comfort, and to look after himself when thrown on his own resources ''.

`` Donnybrook '' is no `` Brigadoon '', but it does have some very nice romantic background touches and some excellent dancing.

In Heidegger's phenomenology, Dasein is always in a meaningful world, but there is always an underlying background for every instance of signification.

Decoration is characterized by fine hatching, and contrasting colors are produced by the use of mineral-based paint on a chalky background.

The tower is decorated with monograms of Jesus ( JHS ), Maria ( M with the ducal crown ) and Joseph ( JHP ), made ​​ of ceramic pieces that stand out golden on the green background that covers the facade.

If the destination background is opaque, then, and if you enter it to the upper equation:

One nibble of such a byte then controlled the foreground color, and the other nibble controlled the background color, a system very similar to the Sinclair ZX Spectrum, in fact in the 256x192 mode the display mode was virtually identical to the video of the Sinclair ZX Spectrum.

The first of the five books begins with some geographical background, and then sketches the history of England, beginning with Caesar's invasion in 55 BC.

Also Melodrama, in its historical meaning of the then popular romantic genre of " spoken words to a background of music ", was something Satie avoided.

Georges Méliès first used superimposition on a dark background in la Caverne maudite ( The Cave of the Demons ) made a couple of months later in 1898, and then elaborated it further with multiple superimpositions in the one shot in l ' Homme de têtes ( The Troublesome Heads ).

As well as all this there was Griffith's habit of moving the action into another shot in an adjoining space, and then back again if it was at all possible, which produced a marked change in background, which also made its small contribution to the discontinuity between shots.

Most of its releases begin with these stories then add background material to explain the settings ( often as alternate worlds whose history diverges from our own ), adventures, and other game material.

He then devoted the third verse of the song to dissing Ice-T, mocking his rap ability (" take your rhymes around the corner to rap rehab "), his background (" before you rapped, you was a downtown car thief "), and his style (" a brother with a perm deserves to get burned ").

And in 1984, when Joseph Ratzinger, then Cardinal Prefect of that Congregation, stated that he rejected the claim that children who die unbaptised cannot attain salvation, he was speaking for many academic theologians of his training and background.

Rhythm and background parts can be sequenced in advance, and then played back onstage.

This technique is then carefully hidden by background lines, such as windows, doors, etc.

Using an Irish-produced magnetic system – on which animated characters were attached to a painted background, and then photographed through a 45 degree mirror – he persuaded Peter Firmin, who was then teaching at the Central School of Art, to create the background scenes.

The question which then arises is whether the paradox is to be understood in the context of absolutely no background information ( as Hempel suggests ), or in the context of the background information which we actually possess regarding ravens and black objects, or with regard to all possible configurations of background information.

Levels peaked about 24 hours after the display, and then decreased to the pre-fireworks background within 20-to 80 days.

If the beam does not fill more than a third of the beam profiler ’ s sensor area, then there will be a significant number of pixels at the edges of the sensor that register a small baseline value ( the background value ).

If steel plate is used, then the plate's natural tooth gives the print a grey background similar to the effects of aquatinting.

The bluescreen shot was then rephotographed again, this time through a red and green filter so that only the foreground image was cast on film, creating a black silhouette on an unexposed ( clear ) background.

The background image is then rephotographed through the male matte, and the shot rephotographed through the female matte.

If the color at a particular point on the screen matches ( either exactly, or in a range ), then the video at that point is replaced by the alternate background video.