For instance, the olfactory glomeruli function as sorts of way-stations for the information flowing from the olfactory receptor neurons to the olfactory cortex.

Copper has been shown to be required by a specific mouse olfactory receptor, MOR244-3, which is highly responsive to MTMT as well as to various other thiols and related compounds.

In contrast, a permanent loss of smell may be caused by death of olfactory receptor neurons in the nose or by brain injury in which there is damage to the olfactory nerve or damage to brain areas that process smell ( see olfactory system ).

Another specific cause of permanent loss could be from damage to olfactory receptor neurons because of use of certain types of nasal spray ; i. e., those that cause vasoconstriction of the nasal microcirculation.

There also has been pheromone receptor genes found in olfactory mucosa.

In 2006, it was shown that a second mouse receptor sub-class is found in the olfactory epithelium.

Examples in humans include the olfactory receptor neuron and Meissner's corpuscle, which are critical for the sense of smell and touch, respectively.

The specialized olfactory receptor neurons of the olfactory nerve are located in the olfactory mucosa of the upper parts of the nasal cavity.

Olfactory receptor neurons continue to be born throughout life and extend new axons to the olfactory bulb.

For instance, in most people the olfactory receptor pseudogenes are dead but in few they are intact and functional genes.

The vomeronasal receptor neurons possess axons which travel from the VNO to the accessory olfactory bulb ( AOB ) or, as its also known, the vomeronasal bulb.

As a neural circuit, the glomerular layer receives direct input from olfactory nerves, made up of the axons from approximately ten million olfactory receptor neurons in the olfactory mucosa, a region of the nasal cavity.

The ends of the axons cluster in spherical structures known as glomeruli such that each glomerulus receives input primarily from olfactory receptor neurons that express the same olfactory receptor.

As a neural circuit, the olfactory bulb has one source of sensory input ( axons from olfactory receptor neurons of the olfactory epithelium ), and one output ( mitral cell axons ).

In humans, neurogenesis largely ceases during adulthood — only for two brain areas, the hippocampus and olfactory bulb, is there strong evidence for generation of substantial numbers of new neurons.

* Rostral migratory stream, leading new neurons to the olfactory bulb

Mups activate olfactory sensory neurons in the vomeronasal organ ( VNO ), a subsystem of the nose known to detect pheromones via specific sensory receptors, of mice and rats.

Lawrence C. Katz and coworkers showed that MTMT functioned as a semiochemical, activating certain mouse olfactory sensory neurons, attracting female mice.

Glial cells function to support neurons and in the PNS, also include satellite cells, olfactory ensheathing cells, enteric glia and glia that reside at sensory nerve endings, such as the Pacinian corpuscle.

The VNO is the first stage of the accessory olfactory system, and contains sensory neurons that detect chemical stimuli.

The axons from these neurons project to the accessory olfactory bulb, which targets the amygdala and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, which in turn project to the hypothalamus.

During embryological development, the vomeronasal sensory neurons form from the nasal ( olfactory ) placode, at the anterior edge of the neural plate ( cranial nerve zero ).

The vomeronasal organ ’ s sensory neurons act on a different signaling pathway than that of the main olfactory system ’ s sensory neurons.

The main olfactory sensory neurons fire single burst action potentials and show a much quicker adaptation rate.

Activating neurons that have V1 receptors, V1Rs, cause field potentials that have weak, fluctuating responses that are seen the anterior of the accessory olfactory bulb, AOB.

The axons of the bipolar neurons form the olfactory nerve ( cranial nerve I ) which enters the brain through the cribiform plate.

An olfactory receptor neuron ( ORN ), also called an olfactory sensory neuron ( OSN ), is a transduction cell within the olfactory system .< Ref name = Jean-Pierre > J. Rospars, ( 1998 ) Dendritic integration in olfactory sensory neurons: a steady-state analysis of how the neuron structure and neuron environment influence the coding of odor intensity.

The study of haptic ( tactile ), olfactory, and gustatory stimuli also fall into the domain of perception.

GPCRs include receptors for sensory signal mediators ( e. g., light and olfactory stimulatory molecules ); adenosine, bombesin, bradykinin, endothelin, γ-aminobutyric acid ( GABA ), hepatocyte growth factor ( HGF ), melanocortins, neuropeptide Y, opioid peptides, opsins, somatostatin, GH, tachykinins, members of the vasoactive intestinal peptide family, and vasopressin ; biogenic amines ( e. g., dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine, histamine, glutamate ( metabotropic effect ), glucagon, acetylcholine ( muscarinic effect ), and serotonin ); chemokines ; lipid mediators of inflammation ( e. g., prostaglandins, prostanoids, platelet-activating factor, and leukotrienes ); and peptide hormones ( e. g., calcitonin, C5a anaphylatoxin, follicle-stimulating hormone ( FSH ), gonadotropin-releasing hormone ( GnRH ), neurokinin, thyrotropin-releasing hormone ( TRH ), cannabinoids, and oxytocin ).

Six fast legs, four well developed folding wings, fairly good eyes, long, well developed antennae ( olfactory ), an omnivorous digestive system, a receptacle for storing sperm, a chitin-based exoskeleton that could support and protect, as well as a form of gizzard and efficient mouth parts, gave it formidable advantages over other herbivorous animals.

Drugs that can induce psychotic symptoms include amphetamine, caffeine ( which can worsen psychotic symptoms in schizophrenia and produce olfactory hallucinations at very high doses in normal volunteers ), cannabis, cocaine, desoxypipradrol, dimethyltryptamine, alcohol ( ethanol ), inhalants, gammahydroxybutyric acid ( and its precursors gammabutyrolactone and 1, 4-butanediol ), ketamine, LSD, mephedrone and methcathinone, mescaline and other phenethylamine hallucinogens, methamphetamine, MDMA ( very rarely, likely due to different phethylamines that are sometimes sold as MDMA, or even piperazine derivatives sold as " extacy "), opiates such as heroin, phencyclidine, piperazine-based drugs, psilocybin, and anabolic steroids at high doses.

This inclusion of ventrally located striatal tissue in a “ unified ” striatum, along with the recognition of connectionally associated pallidal elements in the substantia innominata and deep layers of the olfactory tubercle ( i. e., the ventral pallidum ), has had great impact on the functional-anatomical concept of the basal ganglia.

This is the case for many of the sensory systems ( except for the olfactory system ), such as the auditory, somatic, visceral, gustatory and visual systems where localized lesions provoke specific sensory deficits.

In mammals and reptiles, pheromones may be detected by the vomeronasal organ ( VNO ), or Jacobson's organ, which lies between the nose and mouth and is the first stage of the accessory olfactory system.

In terrestrial gastropods ( land snails and slugs ), the olfactory organs, located on the tips of the 4 tentacles, are the most important sensory organ, The chemosensory organs of opisthobranch marine gastropods are called rhinophores.

Having a keen sense of smell ( olfactory system ), eels most likely depend on scent to find food.

The vomeronasal organ ( VNO ), or Jacobson's organ, is an auxiliary olfactory sense organ that is found in many animals.

Upon stimulation activated by pheromones, IP3 production has been shown to increase in VNO membranes in many animals, while adenylyl cyclase and cyclic adenosine monophosphate ( cAMP ), the major signaling transduction molecules of the main olfactory system, remain unaltered.

# Nose-consciousness ( Tibetan: sna ’ i rnam-shes ), smelling apprehended through the olfactory organs ;

Recognizing that dysfunctional mirror neuron systems cannot account for the wide range of symptoms that are included in autism spectrum disorder ( ASD ), Ramachandran has theorized that childhood temporal lobe epilepsy and olfactory bulb dysgenesis may also play a role in creating the symptoms of ASD.

It also has a pair of short tentacles near the eye that can be extended and which have tactile and olfactory functions.

This corresponds to the olfactory tubercle and the nucleus accumbens, which is not a nucleus, but is a striatal part made up of striatal elements.

Sharks have keen olfactory senses, located in the short duct ( which is not fused, unlike bony fish ) between the anterior and posterior nasal openings, with some species able to detect as little as one part per million of blood in seawater.

Around the circumference of the cylinder are four zones, the dorsal pallium, medial pallium, ventral pallium, and lateral pallium, which are thought respectively to give rise to the neocortex, hippocampus, amygdala, and olfactory cortex.

It is one of the organisms for which scientists have obtained detailed data on information processing in the olfactory pathway of organisms.

The new theatre was built speedily, and accounts noted that it " was situated on a site which, though rich in historical associations, was also rich in the olfactory sense.

The olfactory lobe of the brains in these species, which is responsible for processing smells, is particularly large compared to that of other animals.

These interactions are transduced into electrical activity in the olfactory bulb, which then transmits the electrical activity to other parts of the olfactory system and the rest of the central nervous system via the olfactory tract.

* Piriform cortex: The function of which relates to the olfactory system.

The sea snail Nerita textilis ( like all gastropods ) deposits a mucus trail as it moves, which a chemoreceptive organ is able to detect and guide the snail back to its home site, It is unclear if chiton homing functions in the same way, but it is theorized that they may leave chemical cues along the rock surface and at the home scar which their olfactory senses can detect and home in on.

If this is indeed the earliest introduction of the term, it is curious that Hofmann says nothing about why he introduced an adjective indicating olfactory character to apply to a group of chemical substances only some of which have notable aromas.

V1Rs, V2Rs and FPRs are seven transmembrane receptors which are not closely related to odorant receptors expressed in the main olfactory neuroepithelium.