Furthermore, the exchange would not be expected to be sensitive to trace amounts of impurities because it would not be apt to be a chain reaction since the activation energy for abstraction of chlorine by a chlorine atom would be expected to be too high ; ;

The light was filtered by the soft glass window of the thermostat thus ensuring that only light absorbed by the chlorine and not by the carbon tetrachloride could enter the reaction cell.

Following observation of the fact that the reaction rates of supposedly identical reaction mixtures prepared on the same filling manifold and exposed under identical conditions often differed by several hundred per cent, a systematic series of experiments was undertaken to see whether the difficulty could be ascribed to the method of preparing the chlorine, to the effects of oxygen or moisture or to the effect of surface to volume ratio in the reaction tubes.

The reaction rates observed at 200-degrees ranged from Af of the chlorine exchanged per hour to 0.7 exchanged per hour.

Sets of reaction tubes containing 0.2 of an atmosphere of added oxygen in one case and added moisture in another, both gave reaction rates in the range of 0.1 to 0.4 of the chlorine exchanged per hour.

It was possible to make estimates of the quantum yield by observing the extent of reduction of a uranyl oxalate actinometer solution illuminated for a known time in a typical reaction cell and making appropriate conversions based on the differences in the absorption spectra of uranyl oxalate and of chlorine, and considering the spectral distribution of the light source.

When typical reaction cells to which 0.3 of an atmosphere of oxygen had been added were illuminated, chlorine and phosgene were produced.

-- Although there was some variation in results which must be attributed either to trace impurities or to variation in wall effects, the photochemical exchange in the gas phase was sufficiently reproducible so that it seemed meaningful to compare the reaction rates in different series of reaction tubes for the purpose of obtaining information on the effect of chlorine concentration and of carbon tetrachloride concentration on the reaction rate.

Thus, if the Cl < sup >–</ sup > ion is favored for reduction, then the water reaction is favored for oxidation producing gaseous oxygen, however experiments show gaseous chlorine is produced and not oxygen.

The reaction also shows the production of gaseous hydrogen, chlorine and aqueous sodium hydroxide.

An example of the last reaction type is the displacement of the amino group in 2-aminopyrimidine by chlorine and its reverse.

In the Zincke disulfide cleavage reactions, disulfides are cleaved to give the to a sulfenyl halide by reaction with bromine or chlorine.

* ClO + → Cl + 2 – The ClO from the previous reaction destroys a second ozone molecule and recreates the original chlorine atom, which can repeat the first reaction and continue to destroy ozone.

The hypochlorite radical then reacts with an atomic oxygen creating another oxygen molecule and another chlorine radical, thereby preventing the reaction of a monoatomic oxygen with O < sub > 2 </ sub > to create natural ozone.

Dioxins are also generated in reactions that do not involve burning — such as chlorine bleaching fibers for paper or textiles, and in the manufacture of chlorinated phenols, particularly when reaction temperature is not well controlled.

For consumer and medical uses, a process was developed in which the chlorine atoms in the silane precursor were replaced with acetate groups, which produce the less dangerous acetic acid ( the acid found in vinegar ) as the reaction product of a much slower curing process.

For example, when methane reacts with chlorine in the dark, the reaction rate is very slow.

This latter reaction is in accord with the reported decomposition of Af.

The rate of the gas phase exchange reaction appears to be proportional to the first power of the absorbed light intensity indicating that the radical intermediates are removed at the walls or by reaction with an impurity rather than by bimolecular radical combination reactions.

Following reaction the cells were scratched with a file and opened under a 20% aqueous sodium iodide solution.

These antibody titers were determined by reaction with homozygous Af red cells.

Rinsing the sections with PBS before layering the intermediate sera did not improve the staining reaction.

A previously extinguished conditioned reaction was restored in monkey A and was associated with typical signs of emotional excitement including sympathetic discharges.

Further research in the meaning of crises as experienced by the consumers of traditional social casework services -- including attempts to develop a typology of family structures, crisis problems, reaction mechanisms, and differential treatment approaches -- and the establishment of new experimental programs are imperative social needs which should command the best efforts of caseworkers in collaboration with community planners.

Those who responded with an arm-elevation in the naive state did not change their reaction when told that there were some normal people who did not react in this fashion.

A more tenable explanation for the change in reactions is that the added knowledge and increased familiarity with the total situation made it possible for these subjects to be less guarded and to relax, since any reaction seemed acceptable to the examiner as `` normal ''.

We have consoled ourselves with the thought that this is a normal human reaction and is one of the consequences of any decision in an adversary proceeding.

Recent work with radiocarbon and deuterated alcohols as solvents, however, has given evidence that metal-hydrido and carbonyl complexes may be readily formed by reaction with alcohol in some of these systems.

Spoilage by chemical action results from the reaction of one group of components in the food with others or with its environment, as in corrosion of the walls of metal containers or the reaction of fats with oxygen in the air to produce rancidity.

The various forces result from the reaction of the removed paint chip against the face of the knife and along the shear plane, which makes an angle **yf with the substrate.

Public relations strategists everywhere, watching the reaction of the German press, the liberal press, the lunatic-fringe press, listening to their neighbors, studying interviews with men and women on the street, cried out: Too much, too much -- the mind of the audience is becoming dulled, the horrors are losing their effect.

That much of what he calls folklore is the result of beliefs carefully sown among the people with the conscious aim of producing a desired mass emotional reaction to a particular situation or set of situations is irrelevant.

Initially the White House reaction was that the bitter exchanges with Moscow over Cuba and the conflict in Laos had dampened prospects for a meeting.

She apparently wasn't satisfied with his reaction.

The required amount of carbon tetrachloride was distilled into a series of reaction cells on a manifold on a vacuum line.

In the liquid phase runs the amount of carbon tetrachloride in each reaction tube was determined by weighing the tube before opening and weighing the fragments after emptying.

Blowing can be either one of two types -- carbon dioxide gas generated by the reaction of water on the polyisocyanate or mechanical blowing through the use of a low-boiling liquid such as a fluorinated hydrocarbon.

Alkyne trimerization describes the cyclization of three alkynes, in the Dötz reaction an alkyne, carbon monoxide and a chromium carbene complex are the reactants. Diels-Alder reactions of alkynes with pyrone or cyclopentadienone with expulsion of carbon dioxide or carbon monoxide also form arene compounds.

They used a calorimeter to estimate the heat evolved per unit of carbon dioxide produced, eventually finding the same ratio for a flame and animals, indicating that animals produced energy by a type of combustion reaction.

A chemical reaction between the carbonate and hydrochloric acid may produce carbon dioxide gas.

Other specialized cycloadditions include multicomponent reactions such as alkyne trimerisation to give aromatic compounds and the cycloaddition of an alkyne, alkene and carbon monoxide in the Pauson – Khand reaction.

When a hydrocarbon burns in oxygen, the reaction will only yield carbon dioxide and water.

In supernova explosions, calcium is formed from the reaction of carbon with various numbers of alpha particles ( helium nuclei ), until the most common calcium isotope ( containing 10 helium nuclei ) has been synthesized.

One proposed reaction is that of the olivine-rich rock dunite, or its hydrated equivalent serpentinite with carbon dioxide to form the carbonate mineral magnesite, plus silica and iron oxide ( magnetite ).

This reaction between carbon dioxide and carbon to form carbon monoxide is endothermic at temperatures above approximately 800 ° C and is exothermic below this temperature.

In this case, one has to use the hydroboration – oxidation reaction, where in the first step, the boron atom acts as electrophile and adds to the less substituted carbon atom.

In a rearrangement reaction, the carbon skeleton of a molecule is rearranged to give a structural isomer of the original molecule.

Iron corrosion takes place on acid medium ; H < sup >+</ sup > ions come from reaction between carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and water, forming carbonic acid.

* charcoal, which provides carbon and other fuel for the reaction, simplified as carbon ( C );