In 1947, the King issued letters patent granting his Canadian governor general permission to exercise all those powers belonging to the monarch in respect of Canada and, at the Imperial Conference of 1949, the decision was reached to use the term member of the Commonwealth instead of Dominion to refer to the non-British member states of the Commonwealth of Nations.

" The term intellectual property can be found used in an October 1845 Massachusetts Circuit Court ruling in the patent case Davoll et al.

More directly, it is a shortened version of the term letters patent, which was a royal decree granting exclusive rights to a person, predating the modern patent system.

In modern usage, the term patent usually refers to the right granted to anyone who invents any new, useful, and non-obvious process, machine, article of manufacture, or composition of matter.

The patent would have expired on September 21, 2000 ( the term of patent was 17 years at the time ), but the algorithm was released to the public domain by RSA Security on 6 September 2000, two weeks earlier.

Also, in 1983 the term " dominion " was replaced with " realm " by letters patent.

The term invention is also an important legal concept and central to patent law systems worldwide.

The term " burn ," referring to the process of programming a PROM, is also in the original patent, as one of the original implementations was to literally burn the internal whiskers of diodes with a current overload to produce a circuit discontinuity.

Gray's patent introduces the term " reflected binary code "

Bell Labs researcher Frank Gray introduced the term reflected binary code in his 1947 patent application, remarking that the code had " as yet no recognized name ".

However, like the drinking-age problem above, the specific length of time would need to be different for every product in order to be efficient ; a 20-year term is used because it is difficult to tell what the number should be for any individual patent.

Curtis refused to allow her invention to be marketed until companies started selling biodegradable diapers, although the full statutory term of this patent expired February 20, 2007 and is now in the public domain.

In the context of European and Australian patent law, the term " state of the art " is a concept used in the process of assessing and asserting novelty and inventive step, and is a synonym of the expression " prior art ".

The word " aqualung " was commonly used in speech and in publications as a term for an open-circuit, demand valve-controlled breathing apparatus ( even after Air Liquide's patent expired and other manufacturers started making identical equipment ), occasionally also for rebreathers, and in figurative uses ( such as " the water spider's aqualung of air bubbles ").

Importantly, the pharmaceutical company involved in the neem case argued that as traditional Indian knowledge of the properties of the neem tree had never been published in an academic journal, such knowledge did not amount to " prior art " ( prior art is the term used when previously existing knowledge bars a patent ).

* Walker Process fraud: Illegal monopolization through the maintenance and enforcement of a patent obtained via fraud on the Patent Office ( the term comes from the Supreme Court case Walker Process Equipment, Inc. v. Food Machinery & Chemical Corp., 382 U. S. 172 ( 1965 )).

The Commodore Amiga was the first personal computer to use a full-featured blitter, and the first US patent filing to use the term blitter was " Personal computer apparatus for block transfer of bit-mapped image data ," assigned to Commodore-Amiga, Inc. On top of the ability to copy and manipulate large areas of graphics, the hardware that contained the Amiga's blitter also included line drawing and area-filling hardware.

* 1923: Congress enacted a statute ( the year before the 20 year term of the patent would expire ) — which would later be codified at 18 U. S. C.

Since Savery's patent had not yet run out, Newcomen was forced to come to an arrangement with Savery and operate under the latter's patent, as its term was much longer than any Newcomen could have easily obtained.

The term was coined later by Buckminster Fuller, who invented them independently and received a patent in 1954.

The laws also end up encouraging patent and copyright owners to sue even mild imitators in court and to lobby for the extension of the term of the exclusive rights in a form of rent seeking.

Benjamin Tucker writes, "... the patent monopoly ... consists in protecting inventors ... against competition for a period long enough to extort from the people a reward enormously in excess of the labor measure of their services, in other words, in giving certain people a right of property for a term of years in laws and facts of Nature, and the power to exact tribute from others for the use of this natural wealth, which should be open to all.

In origin, one of the meanings of the term troll was a negative synonym for a jötunn ( plural jötnar ), a being in Norse mythology, although the word was also used about witches, berserkers and various other evil magical figures.

In Norse mythology, troll, like thurs, is a term applied to jötnar, and are mentioned throughout the Old Norse corpus.

The term Internet troll is sometimes used to refer to those who do this online.

" Street troll " is a term used to refer to the slang version of Morporkian spoken by city trolls.

Patent troll is a pejorative term used for a person or company who enforces patents against one or more alleged infringers in a manner considered aggressive or opportunistic with no intention to manufacture or market the patented invention.

" After Intel was sued for libel, he began using the term " patent troll " instead.

Patent troll is currently a controversial term, susceptible to numerous definitions, none of which are considered satisfactory from the perspective of understanding how patent trolls should be treated in law.

It became the sole `` subject '' of `` international law '' ( a term which, it is pertinent to remember, was coined by Bentham ), a body of legal principle which by and large was made up of what Western nations could do in the world arena.

'' The other important difference between the two Constitutions was that the President of the Confederacy held office for six ( instead of four ) years, and was limited to one term.

Bang-Jensen said you told correspondents that you had checked in advance to make sure the term ' aberrant conduct ' was not libelous.

His parents talked seriously and lengthily to their own doctor and to a specialist at the University Hospital -- Mr. McKinley was entitled to a discount for members of his family -- and it was decided it would be best for him to take the remainder of the term off, spend a lot of time in bed and, for the rest, do pretty much as he chose -- provided, of course, he chose to do nothing too exciting or too debilitating.

His teacher and his school principal were conferred with and everyone agreed that, if he kept up with a certain amount of work at home, there was little danger of his losing a term.

The term enquetes demographiques, previously used for the supplementary investigations carried out in connection with the administrative censuses, was used for the new investigations.

This term was also used by the cowboy in the sense of a human showin' fight, as one cowhand was heard to say, `` He arches his back like a mule in a hailstorm ''.

the first use of the word `` rustler '' was as a synonym for `` hustler '', becomin' an established term for any person who was active, pushin', and bustlin' in any enterprise.

Engages must be loyal to the concessionaires, and must serve until the term provided in the engagement was ended.

The September-October term jury had been charged by Fulton Superior Court Judge Durwood Pye to investigate reports of possible `` irregularities '' in the hard-fought primary which was won by Mayor-nominate Ivan Allen Jr..

When the crowd was asked whether it wanted to wait one more term to make the race, it voted no -- and there were no dissents.

Petitions asking for a jail term for Norristown attorney Julian W. Barnard will be presented to the Montgomery County Court Friday, it was disclosed Tuesday by Horace A. Davenport, counsel for the widow of the man killed last Nov. 1 by Barnard's hit-run car.

Friday afternoon the Rev. T. F. Zimmerman was reelected for his second consecutive two-year term as general superintendent of Assemblies of God.

Commenting on the earlier stage, the Notre Dame Chapter of the American Association of University Professors ( in a recent report on the question of faculty participation in administrative decision-making ) noted that the term `` teacher-employee '' ( as opposed to, e.g., `` maintenance employee '' ) was a not inapt description.

The Unitarian clergy were an exclusive club of cultivated gentlemen -- as the term was then understood in the Back Bay -- and Parker was definitely not a gentleman, either in theology or in manners.

or `` Carmine Theater, 1912 '', the only canvas with an ash can ( and foraging dog ), although Sloan was a member of the famous `` Eight '', and of the so-called `` Ash-Can School '', a term he resented.

The term was introduced into optics by Johann Heinrich Lambert in his 1760 work Photometria.

In 1846, Lincoln was elected to the U. S. House of Representatives, where he served one two-year term.

Realizing Clay was unlikely to win the presidency, Lincoln, who had pledged in 1846 to serve only one term in the House, supported General Zachary Taylor for the Whig nomination in the 1848 presidential election.