* Top-down logical data models, on the other hand, are created in an abstract way by getting information from people who know the subject area.

Top-down control, therefore, refers to situations where the abundance, diversity or biomass of lower trophic levels depends on effects from consumers at higher trophic levels.

Top-down and bottom-up are both strategies of information processing and knowledge ordering, mostly involving software, but also other humanistic and scientific theories ( see systemics ).

Top-down analysis is the method of calculating the reactive moments and forces at each joint starting at the hand, all the way till the ankle and foot.

Top-down parsing is a strategy of analyzing unknown data relationships by hypothesizing general parse tree structures and then considering whether the known fundamental structures are compatible with the hypothesis.

* Top-down parsing-Top-down parsing can be viewed as an attempt to find left-most derivations of an input-stream by searching for parse trees using a top-down expansion of the given formal grammar rules.

Top-down is a programming style, the mainstay of traditional procedural languages, in which design begins by specifying complex pieces and then dividing them into successively smaller pieces.

Top-down approach: This is also known as downward communication.

Top-down approaches are implemented by attaching the stubs in place of the module.

Top-down and bottom-up are two approaches for the manufacture of products.

Top-down lithography is the manner in which most integrated circuits are now made.

Top-down teaching methods are employed, but students are expected to make their own decisions about how to use the knowledge they acquire.

Top-down management of Drinking Liberally is light ; the only requirements for chapters are:

Though it is important to note that in Kimball methodology, the bottom-up process is the result of an initial business-oriented Top-down analysis of the relevant business processes to be modelled.

Top-down design has also proven to be robust against business changes.

* ' Top-down ' communication and rule enforcement mechanisms.

Top-down approaches emphasize planning and a complete understanding of the system.

Top-down design was promoted in the 1970s by IBM researcher Harlan Mills and Niklaus Wirth.

Top-down methods were favored in software engineering until the late 1980s, and object-oriented programming assisted in demonstrating the idea that both aspects of top-down and bottom-up programming could be utilized.

See Top-down parsing and Bottom-up parsing.

" Top-down " ( or " big chunk ") is stereotypically the visionary, or the person who sees the larger picture and overview.

* Integrated Parallel Bottom-up and Top-down Approach.

* Top-down approach: This is the direct fall-out of the recursive formulation of any problem.

Top-down decision making occurs when leaders of a group make decisions in a way that does not include the participation of all interested stakeholders.

Top-down view of a DTP dam.

Top-down parsing can be viewed as an attempt to find left-most derivations of an input-stream by searching for parse-trees using a top-down expansion of the given formal grammar rules.

Top-down activity refers to cognitive processes that originate from the frontal lobe and require conscious thought whereas bottom-up activity begins from sensation of stimuli in the environment.

Top-down processes often include attention to emotion and emotion regulation.

One of the most noticeable differences between HTML and XHTML is the rule that all tags must be closed: empty HTML tags such as < code >< nowiki ></ nowiki ></ code > must either be closed with a regular end-tag, or replaced by a special form: < code >< nowiki > < nowiki >/></ nowiki ></ code > ( the space before the '< code >< nowiki >/</ nowiki ></ code >' on the end tag is optional, but frequently used because it enables some pre-XML Web browsers, and SGML parsers, to accept the tag ).

Where the DOM operates on the document as a whole, SAX parsers operate on each piece of the XML document sequentially.

Various parsers based on the HPSG formalism have been written and optimizations are currently being investigated.

A more specialized definition of state is used in some computer programs that operate serially ( sequentially ) on streams of data, such as parsers, firewalls, communication protocols and encryption programs.

Most modern parsers are at least partly statistical ; that is, they rely on a corpus of training data which has already been annotated ( parsed by hand ).

EUC, on the other hand, is handled much better by parsers that have been written for 7-bit ASCII ( and thus EUC encodings are used on UNIX, where much of the file-handling code was historically only written for English encodings ).

Disfluent sentences have a direct effect on the way a sentence structure is built in the parsers mind.

So, an application has access to all data on the system, even though the developer did not have to write parsers to recognize the different data formats.

Projects incorporating the Expat library often build SAX and possibly DOM parsers on top of Expat.

Parsers for languages expressed as a CFG, such as LR parsers, require a separate tokenization step to be done first, which breaks up the input based on the location of spaces, punctuation, etc.

For example, most calculators use operator precedence parsers to convert from the human-readable infix notation relying on order of operations to a format that is optimized for evaluation such as Reverse Polish notation ( RPN ).

They are very widely used for the translation of computer languages, more than other kinds of generated parsers.

As with other shift-reduce parsers, an LR parser works by doing some combination of Shift steps and Reduce steps.

LR parsers differ from other shift-reduce parsers in how they decide when to reduce, and how to pick between rules with similar endings.

Like other shift-reduce parsers, an LR parser lazily waits until it has scanned and parsed all parts of some construct before committing to what the combined construct is.

Some programs that create IFF files add chunks to them with their internal data ; these same files can later be read by other programs without any disruption ( because their parsers could skip uninteresting chunks ) which is a great advantage of IFF and similar formats.

Its robustness sets it apart from most other HPSG parsers.

The reference implementation of the reST parser is a component of the Docutils text processing framework in the Python programming language, but other parsers are available.

As a result, they have found use in functional reactive programming, point-free programming, and parsers among other applications.