After 1550, it was not printed again until 1813 except for Owen Rogers ' 1561 edition — a cheap knock-off of Crowley's text that omits the preface naming the author while adding — in some cases — Pierce the Ploughman's Crede.

" In this Latin copy ( Codex Bobbiensis, " k "), the text of Mark 16 is anomalous: it contains an interpolation between 16: 3 and 16: 4 which appears to present Christ's ascension occurring at that point ; it omits the last part of 16: 8, and it contains some strange errors in its presentation of the " Shorter Ending.

The Latin omits 1: 3-6 and 2: 1, and these sections have no parallel in Epistle of Barnabas ; therefore, they may be a later addition, suggesting Hermas and the present text of the Didache may have used a common source, or one may have relied on the other.

In addition, Guillaume ( at xxxi ) points out that Ibn Hisham's version omits various narratives in the text which were given by al-Tabari in his History.

omits text ποταμῷ ( River ) with C < sup > c </ sup > K L Π f < sup > 13 </ sup > 892 Byz lat mae-1

omits text ἐκπορευομένῳ διὰ στόματος ( proceeds out through the mouth ) with it < sup > a, b, g < sup > 1 </ sup ></ sup >

omits text ψευδόμενοι ( falsely ) with it < sup > b, c, d, g < sup > 1 </ sup > h, k </ sup > syr < sup > s </ sup > Tertullian Augustine

omits text ὃς δʼ ἂν ποιήσῃ καὶ διδάξῃ, οὗτος μέγας κληθήσεται ἐν τῇ βασιλείᾳ τῶν οὐρανῶν ( but whoever will do and should teach, the same will be called great in the kingdom of the heavens ) with א * W cop < sup > bo < sup > ms </ sup ></ sup >

omits text καὶ ὃς ἐὰν ἀπολελυμένην γαμήσῃ, μοιχᾶται ( and whoever should marry her who is divorced, he commits adultery ) with it < sup > a, b, d, k </ sup > Origen < sup > mss </ sup >

omits text ἢ κώμην ( or village ) with f < sup > 1 </ sup > 700 it < sup > a, b, d, ff < sup > 1 </ sup >, h, k </ sup > syr < sup > s </ sup >

omits text τῆς οἰκίας ἢ ( that house or ) with arm

omits text δοθήσεται γὰρ ὑμῖν ἐν ἐκείνῃ τῇ ὥρᾳ τί λαλήσητε ( for it will be given you < sup > pl </ sup > in that hour what you < sup > pl </ sup > should speak ) with L it < sup > mss </ sup > vg < sup > mss </ sup > Epiphanius

omits text καὶ χωλοὶ περιπατοῦσιν ( and the lame are walking )

omits text ἐλάλησεν αὐτοῖς ( he spoke to them ) with it < sup > d ,( k )</ sup > syr < sup > s, c </ sup > Codex Schøyen

omits text Φιλίππου ( of Philip ) with it < sup > mss </ sup > vg < sup > mss </ sup > Augustine

omits text ἐπὶ πίνακι ( on a platter )

omits text Ἰησοῦς ( Jesus ) with א * Z < sup > vid </ sup > 579 1424 it < sup > e, k </ sup > syr < sup > s, c, p </ sup > co < sup > sa, bo </ sup >

omits text ὀ Ἰησοῦς ( Jesus ) with א * and 073 892 it < sup > ff < sup > 1 </ sup ></ sup > syr < sup > c </ sup > co < sup > sa, bo </ sup > Eusebius

omits text ὁ Ἰησοῦς ( Jesus ) with Γ syr < sup > s, c </ sup > co < sup > sa < sup > mss </ sup ></ sup >

omits text κωφούς ( mute )

( D *) omits text μήποτε ἐκλυθῶσιν ἐν τῇ ὁδῷ ( lest they should faint in the way )

omits text καὶ μοιχαλὶς ( and adulterous ) with it < sup > mss </ sup >

omits text ὁ Πέτρος ( Peter ) with א B Θ 0281 f < sup > 1 </ sup > 700 892 * vg < sup > mss </ sup > syr < sup > s </ sup > co < sup > sa, bo < sup > mss </ sup ></ sup > Chrysostom

( D *) omits text ἔσται δεδεμένα ἐν οὐρανῷ, καὶ ὅσα ἐὰν λύσητε ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς ( will be bound in heaven, and whatever ye should loosen upon the earth ) with it < sup > n </ sup >

Jews, Protestants, and Catholics all use the Masoretic text as the textual basis for their translations of the protocanonical books ( those which are received by both Jews and all Christians ), with various emendations derived from a multiplicity of other ancient witnesses ( such as the Septuagint, the Vulgate, the Dead Sea Scrolls, etc.

Most valuable of all from a text-critical perspective is the Vulgate text of the Apocalypse, a book where there is no clear majority text in the surviving Greek witnesses.

When comparing different documents, or " witnesses ", of a single, original text, the observed differences are called variant readings, or simply variants or readings.

At the same time, the critical text should document variant readings, so the relation of extant witnesses to the reconstructed original is apparent to a reader of the critical edition.

Eclecticism allows inferences to be drawn regarding the original text, based on the evidence of contrasts between witnesses.

The result of the process is a text with readings drawn from many witnesses.

When a text has been improved by the scribe, it is said to be sophisticated, but " sophistication " impairs the method by obscuring a document's relationship to other witnesses, and making it more difficult to place the manuscript correctly in the stemma.

When copy-text editing, the scholar fixes errors in a base text, often with the help of other witnesses.

This can be done by looking for places in the base text that do not make sense or by looking at the text of other witnesses for a superior reading.

The earliest translation to witness to a Greek base conforming generally to the Byzantine text in the Gospels is the Syriac Peshitta ( though it has many Alexandrian and Western readings ); usually dated to the 4th century ; although in respect of several much contested readings, such as Mark 1: 2 and John 1: 18, the Peshitta rather supports the Alexandrian witnesses.

The form of the Byzantine text found in the earliest witnesses is not a monolithic whole, and sometimes differs from a Byzantine sub-group of manuscripts that proliferated after the 11th century.

Only one Greek Uncial manuscript is considered to transmit a Western text for the four Gospels and the Book of Acts – the fifth century Codex Bezae ; while the sixth century Codex Claromontanus is considered to transmit a Western text for the letters of Saint Paul, and is followed in this by two ninth century Uncials: F and G. Many " Western " readings are also found in the Old Syriac translations of the Gospels, the Sinaitic and the Curetonian, though opinions vary as to whether these versions can be considered witnesses to the Western text-type.

In textual criticism, eclecticism is the practice of examining a wide number of text witnesses and selecting the variant that seems best.

The result of the process is a text with readings drawn from many witnesses.

The full text of a diploma was engraved on the outer side of the so-called tabula 1, while the outer side of tabula 2 displayed the names of 7 witnesses, their seals covered and protected by metal strips ( such seals have rarely survived, being of organic material ).

Using his mastery of the Quran and his innovative subject-based approach to Quranic exegesis, Al-Sadr extracted two concepts from the Holy text in relation to governance: khilafat al-insan ( Man as heir or trustee of God ) and shahadat al-anbiya ( Prophets as witnesses ).

This text concerning the heavenly witnesses is not contained in any Greek manuscript which was written earlier than the fifteenth century.

The authority to detain material witnesses dates to the First Judiciary Act of 1789, but the Bail Reform Act of 1984 most recently amended the text of the statute, and it is now codified at.

' The text of the charter is certainly spurious, but the witnesses and dating clause may well have been taken from a genuine instrument.