It is bordered by Pakistan in the south and the east, Iran in the west, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan in the north, and China in the far northeast.

Afghan Turkestan is a region in northern Afghanistan, on the border with the former Soviet republics of Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan.

The Commonwealth of Independent States ( CIS ) is a loose alliance or confederation consisting of 10 of the 15 former Soviet Republics, the exceptions being Turkmenistan ( a CIS associate member ), Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia and Georgia.

It is situated in the valley of the Hari River, which flows from the mountains of central Afghanistan to the Karakum Desert in Turkmenistan.

No seabed boundary with Turkmenistan in the Caspian Sea has been agreed upon and the usage of Caspian Sea water is a matter that remains unsettled by international agreement.

In Repetek ( Turkmenistan ), there live seven species of scorpions ( of which Pectinibuthus birulai is endemic ) in temperatures which vary from.

A daf is a large-sized tambourine used to accompany both popular and classical music in Iran, Azerbaijan, Turkey ( where it is called tef ), Uzbekistan ( where it's called childirma ), India ( where it is known as the Dafli ) and Turkmenistan.

While the ancient history of Turkmenistan is largely shrouded in mystery, its past since the arrival of Indo-European Iranian tribes around 2000 BC is often the starting point of the area's discernible history.

Turkmenistan is a landlocked country in Central Asia, bordering the Caspian Sea to the west, Iran and Afghanistan to the south, Uzbekistan to the north-east, and Kazakhstan to the north-west.

Turkmenistan is slightly larger than California in territory, occupying 488, 100 km².

The Kopet Dag Range is a region characterized by foothills, dry and sandy slopes, mountain plateaus, and steep ravines ; Mount Şahşah ( 2, 912 m ), also known as Mount Rizeh, southwest of Ashgabat, is the highest elevation of the Kopet Dag Range in Turkmenistan.

Turkmenistan has a cold desert climate that is severely continental.

Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union, environmental regulation is largely unchanged in Turkmenistan.

The Demographics of Turkmenistan is about the demographic features of the population of Turkmenistan, including population growth, population density, ethnicity, education level, health, economic status, religious affiliations, and other aspects of the population.

The politics of Turkmenistan takes place in the framework of a presidential republic, whereby the President of Turkmenistan is both head of state and head of government.

Turkmenistan is sometimes described as a " reclusive ex-Soviet nation ".

The Democratic Party of Turkmenistan is the only one legally permitted.

Turkmenistan is dominated by a pervasive cult of personality extolling the late president as Türkmenbaşy (" Leader of all Turkmen "), a title he assumed in 1993.

His book, Ruhnama ( or Rukhnama ), which is revered in Turkmenistan almost like a holy text, has been translated into 32 languages and distributed for free among major international libraries.

Like other CIS republics, Turkmenistan has established an Environmental Fund based on revenues collected from environmental fines, but the fines generally are too low to accumulate significant revenue.

In the mid-1990s Turkmenistan stopped delivering gas to some CIS members, citing failure to pay and unprofitable barter deals.

Official estimates indicate that Turkmenistan is still the second largest gas producer in the CIS, after Russia, and a 2004 official estimate places reserves at about 23 trillion m³.

Also, no visa has been required for citizens of Russia, and other CIS countries ( except Turkmenistan ).

The CIS team represented the following Soviet republics: Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Moldova and Tajikistan.

It is found primarily in the Caspian Sea, the world ’ s largest salt-water lake, which is bordered by Iran and the CIS countries of Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Russia, and Turkmenistan.

Turkmenistan is a member of the Economic Cooperation Organization ( ECO ).

In the fall of 1992, the ECO expanded to include seven new members, namely Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan.

On the other hand, according to the classification from International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) before April 2004, all the countries of Eastern Europe ( including Central European countries which still belongs to " Eastern Europe Group " in the UN institutions ) as well as the former Soviet Union ( USSR ) countries in Central Asia ( Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan ) and Mongolia, were not included under either developed or developing regions, but rather were referred to as " countries in transition "; however they are now widely regarded ( in the international reports ) as " developing countries ".

These include: Albania, Afghanistan Andorra, Australia, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Benin, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Chad, Chile, the People's Republic of China, Côte d ' Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, DR Congo, Egypt, East Timor, Equatorial Guinea, Estonia, Ethiopia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Grenada, Holy See ( Vatican City ), Honduras, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, North Korea, South Korea, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lebanon, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Libya, Malta, Mauritania, Mexico, Moldova, Monaco, Montenegro, Norway, Netherlands, Nigeria, Oman, Order of Malta, Paraguay, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, San Marino, Serbia, Seychelles, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sudan, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tajikistan, Thailand, Turkmenistan, Tuvalu, Ukraine, the United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom, the United States of America, Uruguay, and Vietnam.

Following evacuation in 1941 during the Great Patriotic War ( World War II ), he graduated in Aşgabat, in today's Turkmenistan.

The Durrani Empire encompassed present-day Afghanistan, northeastern Iran, eastern Turkmenistan ( around the Panjdeh oasis ), the Kashmir region, the modern state of Pakistan and northwestern India.

Of the 193 member states of the United Nations, only 17 are not party to the treaty: Andorra, Angola, Democratic People's Republic of Korea ( North Korea ), Federated States of Micronesia, Haiti, Iraq, Kiribati, Lebanon, Maldives, Marshall Islands, Nauru, South Sudan, Tajikistan, Timor-Leste, Tonga, Turkmenistan and Tuvalu.

16. 6 million ), Kyrgyzstan ( 5. 5 million ), Tajikistan ( 7. 6 million ), Turkmenistan ( 5. 1 million ), and Uzbekistan ( 29. 5 million ), for a total population of 64. 7 million as of 2012.

Tibet ), Russia, Mongolia, Japan, North Korea, South Korea, Nepal, Kazakhstan, Kirghizstan, Turkmenistan, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Europe and North America.

This improved Tajikistan's position among other Central Asian countries ( namely Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan ), which have degraded economically ever since.

After 69 years as part of the Soviet Union ( including 67 years as a union republic ), Turkmenistan declared its independence on 27 October 1991.

On 28 December 1999, Niyazov was declared President for Life of Turkmenistan by the Mejlis ( parliament ), which itself had taken office only a week earlier in elections that included only candidates hand-picked by President Niyazov ; no opposition candidates were allowed.

Turkmenistan is divided into five provinces welayatlar ( singular – welayat ): Ahal Province ( Aşgabat ), Balkan Province ( Balkanabat, formerly Nebitdag ), Daşoguz Province ( formerly Tashauz ), Lebap Province ( formerly Charjou Province ) ( Turkmenabat, formerly Charjou ), Mary Province

* Turkmenistan, ISO 3166-1 country code

ISO 3166-2: TM is the entry for Turkmenistan in ISO 3166-2, part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization ( ISO ), which defines codes for the names of the principal subdivisions ( e. g., provinces or states ) of all countries coded in ISO 3166-1.

Currently for Turkmenistan, ISO 3166-2 codes are defined for 5 regions and 1 city.

The first part is < tt > TM </ tt >, the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code of Turkmenistan.