Bokmål is based on Danish unlike the other Norwegian language, Nynorsk, which is based on the Norwegian dialects, with Old Norwegian as an important reference point.

Norwegian has two standards, Bokmål and Nynorsk, the choice between which is subject to controversy: Each Norwegian municipality can declare one of the two its official language, or it can remain " language neutral ".

With certain modifications, the most important of which were introduced later by Aasen himself, but also through a latter policy aiming to merge this Norwegian language with Dano-Norwegian, this language has become Nynorsk (" New Norwegian "), the second of Norway's two official languages ( the other being Bokmål, the Dano-Norwegian descendant of the Danish language used in Norway at Aasen's time ).

Kennings are virtually absent from the surviving corpus of continental West Germanic verse ; the Old Saxon Heliand contains only one example: lîk-hamo “ body-raiment ” = “ body ” ( Heliand 3453 b ), a compound which, in any case, is normal in West Germanic and North Germanic prose ( Old English līchama, Old High German lîchamo, lîchinamo, Dutch lichaam, Old Icelandic líkamr, líkami, Old Swedish līkhamber, Swedish lekamen, Danish and Norwegian Bokmål legeme, Norwegian Nynorsk lekam ).

The Latin term, applied to a Germanic custom, was adopted from a Germanic term, * morgangeba ( compare Early English morgengifu, German Morgengabe, Danish and Norwegian Bokmål Morgengave, Norwegian Nynorsk Morgongåve and Swedish Morgongåva ).

The present name of the Kingdom of Norway in Norwegian Bokmål is " Kongeriket Norge " and in Norwegian Nynorsk " Kongeriket Noreg ", both only a couple of letters removed from the original " northern way "; " Nor ( d )-( v ) eg ".

Aasen, a self-taught linguistic scholar and philologist, documented a written grammar and dictionary for the spoken Norwegian folk language, which became Nynorsk ( New Norwegian ) – the " speech of the country " as opposed to the official language largely imported from Denmark.

Nynorsk is one of the two official written norms of the Norwegian language to this day.

** Nynorsk, literally " New Norwegian ", used by 10 – 15 % of the population of Norway

The Constitution of Norway ( formal name: the Constitution of the Kingdom of Norway ; Norwegian Bokmål: Kongeriket Norges Grunnlov ; Norwegian Nynorsk: Kongeriket Noregs Grunnlov ) was first adopted on 16 May and subsequently signed and dated on 17 May 1814 by the Norwegian Constituent Assembly at Eidsvoll.

The current two official varieties of written Norwegian language, Bokmål and Nynorsk ( until 1929 called Riksmål and Landsmål respectively ), were not developed until the late 19th century.

" book language ") is one of two official Norwegian written standard languages, the other being Nynorsk.

The 1917 reform introduced some elements from Norwegian dialects and Nynorsk as optional alternatives to traditional Dano-Norwegian forms.

* Alexandra Czech, Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Greek, Hungarian, Icelandic, Norwegian, Portuguese, Romanian, Russian, Swedish

* Sandra Croatian, Danish, Dutch, English, Estonian, Finnish, German, Icelandic, Latvian, Lithuanian, Norwegian, Portuguese, Spanish, Serbian, Slovene, Swedish Polish

* In Germanic languages, except English, East Sea is used: Afrikaans ( Oossee ), Danish ( Østersøen ), Dutch ( Oostzee ), German ( Ostsee ), Icelandic and Faroese ( Eystrasalt ), Norwegian ( Østersjøen ), and Swedish ( Östersjön ).

Bornholmsk retains three grammatical genders, like Icelandic and most dialects of Norwegian, but unlike standard Danish.

Examples of cognates in Indo-European languages are the words night ( English ), nuit ( French ), Nacht ( German ), nacht ( Dutch ), nag ( Afrikaans ), nicht ( Scots ), natt ( Swedish, Norwegian ), nat ( Danish ), nátt ( Faroese ), nótt ( Icelandic ), noc ( Czech, Slovak, Polish ), ночь, noch ( Russian ), ноќ, noć ( Macedonian ), нощ, nosht ( Bulgarian ), ніч, nich ( Ukrainian ), ноч, noch / noč ( Belarusian ), noč ( Slovene ), noć ( Serbo-Croatian ), νύξ, nyx ( Ancient Greek, νύχτα / nyhta in Modern Greek ), nox ( Latin ), nakt-( Sanskrit ), natë ( Albanian ), noche ( Spanish ), nos ( Welsh ), nueche ( Asturian ), noite ( Portuguese and Galician ), notte ( Italian ), nit ( Catalan ), noapte ( Romanian ), nakts ( Latvian ) and naktis ( Lithuanian ), all meaning " night " and derived from the Proto-Indo-European ( PIE ), " night ".

Another Indo-European example is star ( English ), str-( Sanskrit ), tara ( Hindi-Urdu ), étoile ( French ), ἀστήρ ( astēr ) ( Greek or ἀστέρι / ἄστρο, asteri / astro in Modern Greek ), stella ( Italian ), aster ( Latin ) stea ( Romanian and Venetian ), stairno ( Gothic ), astl ( Armenian ), Stern ( German ), ster ( Dutch and Afrikaans ), starn ( Scots ), stjerne ( Norwegian and Danish ), stjarna ( Icelandic ), stjärna ( Swedish ), stjørna ( Faroese ), setāre ( Persian ), stoorei ( Pashto ), seren ( Welsh ), steren ( Cornish ), estel ( Catalan ), estrella Spanish, estrella Asturian and Leonese, estrela ( Portuguese and Galician ) and estêre or stêrk ( Kurdish ), from the PIE, " star ".

The situation remains similar in modern Faroese and Icelandic, but in Danish, Norwegian and Swedish, the enclitics have become endings.

The Icelandic Commonwealth or the Icelandic Free State ( Icelandic: Þjóðveldið ) was the state existing in Iceland between the establishment of the Althing in 930 and the pledge of fealty to the Norwegian king in 1262.

Danish, together with Swedish, derives from the East Norse dialect group, while the old Norwegian dialects before the influence of Danish and Bokmål is classified as a West Norse language together with Faroese and Icelandic.

A more recent classification based on mutual intelligibility separates modern spoken Danish, Norwegian and Swedish into a Mainland Scandinavian group while Icelandic and Faroese are placed in a separate category labelled Insular Scandinavian.

A draugr, draug or ( Icelandic ) draugur ( original Old Norse plural draugar, as used here, not " draugrs "), or draugen ( Norwegian, Swedish and Danish, meaning " the draug "), also known as aptrganga (" afturgöngur " in modern Icelandic ) ( literally " after-walker ", or " one who walks after death ") is an undead creature from Norse mythology, a subset of Germanic mythology.

Other languages also have a separate word for a full day, such as vuorokausi in Finnish, ööpäev in Estonian, dygn in Swedish, døgn in Danish, døgn in Norwegian, sólarhringur in Icelandic, etmaal in Dutch, doba in Polish, сутки ( sutki ) in Russian, суткі ( sutki ) in Belarusian, доба ́ ( doba ) in Ukrainian, денонощие in Bulgarian and יממה in Hebrew.

In Dutch, Easter is known as Pasen and in the Scandinavian languages Easter is known as påske ( Danish and Norwegian ), påsk ( Swedish ), páskar ( Icelandic ) and páskir ( Faeroese ).

The Norwegian expressions seldom appear in genuine folklore, and when they do, they are always used synonymous to huldrefolk or vetter, a category of earth-dwelling beings generally held to be more related to Norse dwarves than elves which is comparable to the Icelandic huldufólk ( hidden people ).

Below is the conjugation of the verb to be in the present tense ( of the infinitive, if it exists, and indicative moods ), in English, German, Dutch, Afrikaans, Icelandic, Swedish, Norwegian, Latvian, Bulgarian, Bosnian, Serbian, Croatian, Polish, Slovenian, Hindi, Persian, Latin, French, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, Russian, Albanian, Armenian, Irish, Ancient Attic Greek and Modern Greek.

Edwige is a French version of the name ; Edvige is the Italian version ; Eduviges is the Portuguese, Spanish and Catalan version, all of them from the Latinized version ( Eduvigis is also common ), Hadewych is a Dutch version ; Hedvig is a Danish, Icelandic, Norwegian and Swedish version.

Old Norse kenna ( Modern Icelandic kenna, Swedish känna, Danish kende, Norwegian kjenne or kjenna ) is cognate with Old English cennan, Old Frisian kenna, kanna, Old Saxon ( ant ) kennian ( Middle Dutch and Dutch kennen ), Old High German ( ir -, in -, pi -) chennan ( Middle High German and German kennen ), Gothic kannjan < Proto-Germanic * kannjanan, originally causative of * kunnanan “ to know ( how to )”, whence Modern English can ' to be able ' ( from the same Proto-Indo-European root as Modern English know and Latin-derived cognition ).

For instance, dialects of Old Norse are the proto-language of Norwegian, Swedish, Danish, Faroese and Icelandic.

The term is related to mad in Danish, mat in Swedish and Norwegian, and matur in Icelandic and Faroese, which also mean ' food '.

* West Norse, the modern languages of Norwegian, Faroese, and Icelandic

The word acre is derived from Old English æcer originally meaning " open field ", cognate to west coast Norwegian ækre and Swedish åker, German Acker, Dutch akker, Latin ager, and Greek αγρός ( agros ).

Stød generally occurs in words that have " accent 1 " in Swedish and Norwegian and that were monosyllabic in Old Norse, while no-stød occurs in words that have " accent 2 " in Swedish and Norwegian and that were polysyllabic in Old Norse.

Danish and Norwegian settlement made enough of an impact to leave significant traces in the English language ; many fundamental words in modern English are derived from Old Norse, though of the 100 most used words in English the vast majority are Old English in origin.

By the mid-16th century, the Old Norse language was unintelligible to Norwegian, Swedish or Danish readers.

The novel depicts the " Norse invasion of Scotland " ( 1262 – 1263, part of the Scottish – Norwegian War ) and the Battle of Largs.

Similarly, the Norwegian language is classified as a descendant of West Norse, while the written language used by the vast majority in Norway is derived from an older variant of standard Danish.

In Scandinavian folklore, which is a later blend of Norse mythology and elements of Christian mythology, an elf is called elver in Danish, alv in Norwegian, and alv or älva in Swedish ( the first is masculine, the second feminine ).

As such many of these islands fell under Norwegian and Ui Imair hegemony between the 9th and 13th centuries and this Norse influence would see almost constant warfare on the western seaboard of Scotland until the partitioning of the Hebrides in 1156.

Sources from the 17th and 18th centuries speak of Norn ( sometimes identified as " Norse ", " Norwegian " or " Danish ") as being in a state of decline and generally indicate that the language remained stronger in Shetland than in Orkney.

For example, Old East Norse traits were found in eastern Norway, although Old Norwegian is classified as Old West Norse, and Old West Norse traits were found in western Sweden.

Today Old Norse has developed into the modern North Germanic languages ( Icelandic, Faroese, Norwegian, Danish and Swedish ), and although distinct languages there is still considerable mutual intelligibility.

Old Icelandic was essentially identical to Old Norwegian, and together they formed the Old West Norse dialect of Old Norse, which was also spoken in settlements in Ireland, Scotland, the Isle of Man, and Norwegian settlements in Normandy.