The accuracy of measuring the total electrical energy entering an exploding wire during a few microseconds was verified when two independent types of comparison with the heat energy produced had an uncertainty of less than 2 percent.

This project was carried out under sponsorship of the Ballistic Missile Division of the Air Research and Development Command, U.S. Air Force, and had as its goal the investigation of the transport by diffusion of the heat energy of chemical binding.

Radiation, therefore, is at an initial cost disadvantage even though only 1 to 10 per cent as much radiation energy as heat energy is required for radiopasteurization or radiosterilization.

Since this process does not involve any heat transfer or work, the First Law of Thermodynamics then implies that the net internal energy change of the system is zero.

Any work ( δW ) done must be done at the expense of internal energy U, since no heat δQ is being supplied from the surroundings.

They used a calorimeter to estimate the heat evolved per unit of carbon dioxide produced, eventually finding the same ratio for a flame and animals, indicating that animals produced energy by a type of combustion reaction.

One-part adhesives harden via a chemical reaction with an external energy source, such as radiation, heat, and moisture.

The viscous dissipation function governs the rate at which mechanical energy of the flow is converted to heat.

In the Great Plains of the United States a 10 metre turbine can supply enough energy to heat and cool a well-built all-electric house.

Sometimes they are also outfitted with irrigation systems or heat sink-systems which can respectively irrigate the plants or help to store energy from the sun and redistribute it at night ( when the greenhouses starts to cool down ).

The reason for this is that the loss of efficiency produces heat as a by-product of the energy lost during the conversion of power.

In more efficient amplifiers there is less loss of energy so in turn less heat.

The heat of vaporization is the energy required to transform a given quantity ( a mol, kg, pound, etc.

If the pressure in a system remains constant ( isobaric ), a vapor at saturation temperature will begin to condense into its liquid phase as thermal energy ( heat ) is removed.

* Due to the energy gap, the specific heat of the superconductor is suppressed strongly ( exponentially ) at low temperatures, there being no thermal excitations left.

It is approximately the amount of energy needed to heat of water, which is exactly one tenth of a UK gallon or about 0. 1198 US gallons, from 39 ° F to 40 ° F ( 3. 8 ° C to 4. 4 ° C ).

In North America, the term " Btu " is used to describe the heat value ( energy content ) of fuels, and also to describe the power of heating and cooling systems, such as furnaces, stoves, barbecue grills, and air conditioners.

A Btu can be approximated as the heat produced by burning a single wooden match or as the amount of energy it would take to lift a one-pound weight to a height of.

Rapid combustion is a form of combustion, otherwise known as a fire, in which large amounts of heat and light energy are released, which often results in a flame.

The energy is supplied as heat.

It does not change the energy difference between starting materials and products ( thermodynamic barrier ), or the available energy ( this is provided by the environment as heat or light ).

The internal energy change of a process is equal to the heat change if it is measured under conditions of constant volume, as in a closed rigid container such as a bomb calorimeter.

The kitchen is separated from the living area ( called the stube, the area of the home heated by a stove ), and second-floor bedrooms benefit from rising heat.

* Annealing ( metallurgy ), a heat treatment that alters the microstructure of a material causing changes in properties such as strength, hardness, and ductility

Electric heaters and electric stoves may provide pollution-free heat ( depending on the power source ), but use large amounts of electricity.

When this gene was inserted into tomato and tobacco cells ( see RNA interference ), the cells were able to withstand environmental stresses like salt, drought, cold and heat, far more than ordinary cells.

Common examples of smoldering phenomena are the initiation of residential fires on upholstered furniture by weak heat sources ( e. g., a cigarette, a short-circuited wire ), and the persistent combustion of biomass behind the flaming front of wildfires

Assuming perfect combustion conditions, such as complete combustion under adiabatic conditions ( i. e., no heat loss or gain ), the adiabatic combustion temperature can be determined.

In the diagram, the “ working body ” ( system ), a term introduced by Clausius in 1850, can be any fluid or vapor body through which heat Q can be introduced or transmitted to produce work.

The four properties are cohesion ( water ), solidity or inertia ( earth ), expansion or vibration ( air ) and heat or energy content ( fire ).

It is widely used in analytical chemistry ; though the high temperatures used in GC make it unsuitable for high molecular weight biopolymers or proteins ( heat denatures them ), frequently encountered in biochemistry, it is well suited for use in the petrochemical, environmental monitoring and remediation, and industrial chemical fields.

* Conduction ( heat ), the transfer of thermal energy through matter

The CPUs topped out at around 25 W heat output ( like the AMD K6 ), whereas the P5 Pentium produced around 15 W of waste heat at its peak.

When exposed to sunlight, artificial light, or infrared radiation ( even the heat of a hand nearby can be enough ), the vanes turn with no apparent motive power, the dark sides retreating from the radiation source and the light sides advancing.

These traits extended into Clark's wardrobe, which typically consists of a bland-colored business suit, a red necktie, black-rimmed glasses ( which in Pre-Crisis stories had lenses of Kryptonian material that would not be damaged when he fired his heat vision through them ), combed-back hair, and occasionally a fedora.

Indirect calorimetry calculates heat that living organisms produce from their production of carbon dioxide and nitrogen waste ( frequently ammonia in aquatic organisms, or urea in terrestrial ones ), OR from their consumption of oxygen.

In isothermal segment ( 1 ), the heat that flows into the body is given by

Before the development of silicon power rectifier diodes, cuprous oxide and later selenium was used ; its low efficiency gave it a much higher forward voltage drop ( typically 1. 4 to 1. 7 V per " cell ", with multiple cells stacked to increase the peak inverse voltage rating in high voltage rectifiers ), and required a large heat sink ( often an extension of the diode ’ s metal substrate ), much larger than a silicon diode of the same current ratings would require.

Laboratory display of distillation: 1: A heating device 2: Still pot 3: Still head 4: Thermometer / Boiling point temperature 5: Condenser 6: Cooling water in 7: Cooling water out 8: Distillate / receiving flask 9: Vacuum / gas inlet 10: Still receiver 11: Heat control 12: Stirrer speed control 13: Stirrer / heat plate 14: Heating ( Oil / sand ) bath 15: Stirring means e. g. ( shown ), boiling chips or mechanical stirrer 16: Cooling bath.

There are many other types of multi-effect distillation processes, including one referred to as simply multi-effect distillation ( MED ), in which multiple chambers, with intervening heat exchangers, are employed.

Denaturation is a process in which proteins or nucleic acids lose the tertiary structure and secondary structure which is present in their native state, by application of some external stress or compound such as a strong acid or base, a concentrated inorganic salt, an organic solvent ( e. g., alcohol or chloroform ), or heat.

The heat expelled from the room ( the system ), which the air conditioner transports and discharges to the outside air, will always make a bigger contribution to the entropy of the environment than will the decrease of the entropy of the air of that system.