Electrons are responsible for emission of most EMR because they have low mass, and therefore are easily accelerated by a variety of mechanisms.

Electrons are at the heart of cathode ray tubes, which have been used extensively as display devices in laboratory instruments, computer monitors and television sets.

Electrons are particulate radiation and, hence, have cross section many times larger than photons, so that they do not penetrate the product beyond a few inches, depending on product density.

Electrons, being fermions, cannot occupy the same quantum state, so electrons have to " stack " within an atom, i. e. have different spins while at the same place.

Electrons have the least mass of all the charged leptons.

Electrons also conduct electric current through conductive solids, and the thermal and electrical conductivities of most metals have about the same ratio.

For instance, " Electrons attract protons " and " Electrons have negative charge " employ the terms " protons " and " negative charge " ( with the latter also implicitly using the concept of " charge ").

Electrons ( things that have P1 ) have charge ( P2 ).

Electrons ( things that have P1 ) cause lightning.

Electrons in solids have a chemical potential, defined the same way as the chemical potential of a chemical species: The change in free energy when electrons are added or removed from the system.

Electrons have

Electrons emerging from the accelerator have energies up to 25MeV and are moving an appreciable fraction ( 95-99 + percent ) of the speed of light ( relativistic velocities ).

Electrons and many elementary particles also have intrinsic magnetic moments, an explanation of which requires a quantum mechanical treatment and relates to the intrinsic angular momentum of the particles as discussed in the article electron magnetic dipole moment.

Electrons do not penetrate as deeply into matter as X-rays, hence electron diffraction reveals structure near the surface ; neutrons do penetrate easily and have an advantage that they possess an intrinsic magnetic moment that causes them to interact differently with atoms having different alignments of their magnetic moments.

Electrons have higher diffusion constant than holes leading to fewer excess electrons at the center as compared to holes.

Electrons also have a long ballistic length at this temperature ; their mean free path can be several micrometres.

Electrons that have a velocity component that is parallel to the magnetic field will rather " stretch out " the circle and form helical paths, the pitch of which is subject to the rotation period and the parallel velocity component.

Electrons and ions in the magnetosphere, for example, will bounce back and forth between the stronger fields at the poles.

Electrons within the conduction band are mobile charge carriers in solids, responsible for conduction of electric currents in metals and other good electrical conductors.

Electrons ionized from the neutral gas are not useful in sustaining the negative corona process by generating secondary electrons for further avalanches, as the general movement of electrons in a negative corona is outward from the curved electrode.

Electrons for the reduction of nitrogen are supplied to nitrogenase when it associates with the reduced, nucleotide-bound homodimeric Fe protein.

* " Protons in Radiation Therapy: comparative Dose Distributions for Protons, Photons and Electrons, A. M. Koehler, W. M.

Electrons were ideal for the role, as they are abundant and easily accelerated to high energies due to their electric charge.

Electrons are bound by electromagnetic wave mechanics into orbitals around atomic nuclei to form atoms, which are the building blocks of molecules.

Electrons in non-bonding orbitals tend to be in deep orbitals ( nearly atomic orbitals ) associated almost entirely with one nucleus or the other, and thus they spend equal time between and not between nuclei.

Electrons from the cathode collide with the anode material, usually tungsten, molybdenum or copper, and accelerate other electrons, ions and nuclei within the anode material.

Mnemonics: LEO Red Cat ( Loss of Electrons is Oxidation, Reduction occurs at the Cathode ), or AnOx Red Cat ( Anode Oxidation, Reduction Cathode ), or OIL RIG ( Oxidation is Loss, Reduction is Gain of electrons ), or Roman Catholic and Orthodox ( Reduction-Cathode, anode-Oxidation ), or LEO the lion says GER ( Losing electrons is Oxidation, Gaining electrons is Reduction )

Electrons which diffuse from the cathode into the P-doped layer, or anode, become what is termed " minority carriers " and tend to recombine there with the majority carriers, which are holes, on a timescale characteristic of the material which is the p-type minority carrier lifetime.

: Electrons are transferred from iron reducing oxygen in the atmosphere into water on the cathode, which is placed in another region of the metal.

Electrons that belong to different molecules start " fleeing " and avoiding each other at the short intermolecular distances, which is frequently described as formation of " instantaneous dipoles " that attract each other.

* " LEO the lion says GER " — Loss of Electrons is Oxidation, Gain of Electrons is Reduction.

* " LEORA says GEROA " — Loss of Electrons is Oxidation ( Reducing Agent ) and Gain of Electrons is Reduced ( Oxidizing Agent ).

Electrons are accelerated to high speeds in several stages to achieve a final energy that is typically in the GeV range.

Electrons in this system are not conserved, but are rather continually entering from oxidized 2H < sub > 2 </ sub > O ( O < sub > 2 </ sub > + 4 H < sup >+</ sup > + 4 e < sup >-</ sup >) and exiting with NADP < sup >+</ sup > when it is finally reduced to NADPH.

Electrons are fermions, and obey the exclusion principle, which means that no two electrons can share a single energy state within an atom ( if spin is ignored ).

Electrons are accelerated to high speeds in several stages to achieve a final energy that is typically in the gigaelectronvolt range.

From Electrons to Elections is a non-partisan resource designed to educate young voters on science, technology, and health issues and provide them with the platforms of the leading political candidates on these subjects.

Electrons in such a vacancy tend to absorb light in the visible spectrum such that a material that is usually transparent becomes colored.

Electrons are produced by a cathode that is heated to about 1, 100 ° C ( 2, 000 ° F ).

His most noted publication was the famous 1919 article " The Arrangement of Electrons in Atoms and Molecules " in which, building on Gilbert N. Lewis's cubical atom theory and Walther Kossel's chemical bonding theory, he outlined his " concentric theory of atomic structure ".

Two of the most popular are " OIL RIG " ( Oxidation Is Loss, Reduction Is Gain ) and " LEO " the lion says " GER " ( Lose Electrons: Oxidization, Gain Electrons: Reduction ).

Electrons in the emitters, or the " holes " in the collectors, would cluster at the surface of the crystal where they could find their opposite charge " floating around " in the air ( or water ).

Electrons can gain enough energy to jump to the conduction band by absorbing either a phonon ( heat ) or a photon ( light ).

# Electrons travel ballistically between electrodes ( i. e., no scattering ).

" Inelastic Scattering Of Electrons By Protons ", Department of Physics at Harvard University, United States Department of Energy ( through predecessor agency the United States Atomic Energy Commission ), ( December 1966 ).

Electrons, within an electron shell around an atom, tend to distribute themselves as far apart from each other, within the given shell, as they can ( due to each one being negatively charged ).

Electrons are charged particles ( point charges with rest mass ).