* Online lecture on Molecular Electronics and the Bottom-up View of Electronic Conduction by S. Datta

Bottom-up processing is a type of information processing based on incoming data from the environment to form a perception.

Bottom-up emphasizes coding and early testing, which can begin as soon as the first module has been specified.

Bottom-up parsing is a strategy for analyzing unknown data relationships that attempts to identify the most fundamental units first, and then to infer higher-order structures from them.

See Top-down parsing and Bottom-up parsing.

Bottom-up approaches seek to have smaller ( usually molecular ) components built up into more complex assemblies, while top-down approaches seek to create nanoscale devices by using larger, externally controlled ones to direct their assembly.

Bottom-up approaches, in contrast, use the chemical properties of single molecules to cause single-molecule components to ( a ) self-organize or self-assemble into some useful conformation, or ( b ) rely on positional assembly.

" Bottom-up " ( or " small chunk ") cognition is akin to focusing on the detail primarily, rather than the landscape.

* Integrated Parallel Bottom-up and Top-down Approach.

* Bottom-up approach: Once we formulate the solution to a problem recursively as in terms of its subproblems, we can try reformulating the problem in a bottom-up fashion: try solving the subproblems first and use their solutions to build-on and arrive at solutions to bigger subproblems.

* Bottom-up parsing-A parser can start with the input and attempt to rewrite it to the start symbol.

Bottom-up parsing identifies and processes the text's lowest-level small details first, before its mid-level structures, and leaving the highest-level overall structure to last.

Bottom-up parsing lazily waits until it has scanned and parsed all parts of some construct before committing to what the combined construct is.

* Bottom-up models are often the result of a reengineering effort.

Bottom-up approaches, in contrast, use the chemical properties of single molecules to cause single-molecule components to ( a ) self-organize or self-assemble into some useful conformation, or ( b ) rely on positional assembly.

Bottom-up processes are generally driven by the abiotic conditions required for primary producers to grow, such as availability of light and nutrients, and the subsequent transfer of energy to consumers at higher trophic levels.

Bottom-up input arrives at layer 4 ( L4 ), whence it propagates to L2 and L3 for recognition of the invariant content.

Objective Elaboration: Bottom-up thinking in which facts are scrutinized without bias ; seeking truth wherever it might lead.

However, in the actual assessment of the cutting force by instrumental methods for any thickness of coating a number of spurious effects occur which must be taken into account and which make the measured value larger than the true cutting force indicated by eqn. ( 1 ).

Their criticism focused on the fact that there was no mechanism whereby astrological effects might occur:

These antidepressants typically have fewer adverse effects than the tricyclics or the MAOIs, although such effects as drowsiness, dry mouth, nervousness, anxiety, insomnia, decreased appetite, long-term weight gain and decreased ability to function sexually may occur.

Withdrawal effects may also occur when switching a person from one antipsychotic to another, ( presumably due to variations of potency and receptor activity ).

In a woman, the condition of lactation unrelated to pregnancy can occur as galactorrhea ( spontaneous milk flow ), and because of the adverse effects of drugs ( e. g. antipsychotic medications ), of extreme physical stress, and of endocrine disorders.

In general, benzodiazepines are safe and effective in the short term, although cognitive impairments and paradoxical effects such as aggression or behavioral disinhibition occasionally occur.

While they are not major teratogens, uncertainty remains as to whether they cause cleft palate in a small number of babies and whether neurobehavioural effects occur as a result of prenatal exposure ; they are known to cause withdrawal symptoms in the newborn.

Tolerance can develop to their effects and there is also a risk of dependence, and upon discontinuation a withdrawal syndrome may occur.

The benzodiazepines with a longer half-life make detoxification more tolerable, and dangerous alcohol withdrawal effects are less likely to occur.

In general, tolerance to the amnesic effects does not occur.

The elderly are more sensitive to the side effects of benzodiazepines, and poisoning may even occur from their long-term use.

Cognitive impairing effects of benzodiazepines that occur frequently in the elderly can also worsen dementia.

As chives are usually served in small amounts and never as the main dish, negative effects are rarely encountered, although digestive problems may occur following overconsumption.

Such hyper-velocity impacts produce physical effects such as melting and vaporization that do not occur in familiar sub-sonic collisions.

Similar effects occur when light waves travel through a medium with a varying refractive index or a sound wave through one with varying acoustic impedance.

Some mechanisms for recovery occur spontaneously after damage to the brain, whereas others are caused by the effects of language therapy.

Direct effects of El Niño resulting in drier conditions occur in parts of Southeast Asia and Northern Australia, increasing bush fires, worsening haze, and decreasing air quality dramatically.

The greatest Flynn effects occur instead for tests that measure latent factors.

These alignment effects only occur at temperatures below a certain critical temperature, called the Curie temperature ( for ferromagnets and ferrimagnets ) or the Néel temperature ( for antiferromagnets ).

Obvious impairment may not occur until the glucose falls below 40 mg / dL ( 2. 2 mM ), and many healthy people may occasionally have glucose levels below 65 in the morning without apparent effects.

Determining the presence of both parts of this definition is not always straightforward, as hypoglycemic symptoms and effects are vague and can be produced by other conditions ; people with recurrently low glucose levels can lose their threshold symptoms so that severe neuroglycopenic impairment can occur without much warning, and many measurement methods ( especially glucose meters ) are imprecise at low levels.

He was able to provide a qualitative explanation of linear and spherical wave propagation, and to derive the laws of reflection and refraction using this principle, but could not explain the deviations from rectilinear propagation which occur when light encounters edges, apertures and screens, commonly known as diffraction effects.

Its analgesic and antipyretic effects begin to occur one to two hours following administration.

Nicotinic acid, also known as niacin, is converted to nicotinamide in vivo, and, though the two are identical in their vitamin functions, nicotinamide does not have the same pharmacologic and toxic effects of niacin, which occur incidental to niacin's conversion.