* Bottom-up parsing-A parser can start with the input and attempt to rewrite it to the start symbol.

* Bottom-up approach: Once we formulate the solution to a problem recursively as in terms of its subproblems, we can try reformulating the problem in a bottom-up fashion: try solving the subproblems first and use their solutions to build-on and arrive at solutions to bigger subproblems.

Bottom-up processes are generally driven by the abiotic conditions required for primary producers to grow, such as availability of light and nutrients, and the subsequent transfer of energy to consumers at higher trophic levels.

Bottom-up parsing is a strategy for analyzing unknown data relationships that attempts to identify the most fundamental units first, and then to infer higher-order structures from them.

* Online lecture on Molecular Electronics and the Bottom-up View of Electronic Conduction by S. Datta

Bottom-up processing is a type of information processing based on incoming data from the environment to form a perception.

Bottom-up emphasizes coding and early testing, which can begin as soon as the first module has been specified.

See Top-down parsing and Bottom-up parsing.

Bottom-up approaches seek to have smaller ( usually molecular ) components built up into more complex assemblies, while top-down approaches seek to create nanoscale devices by using larger, externally controlled ones to direct their assembly.

Bottom-up approaches, in contrast, use the chemical properties of single molecules to cause single-molecule components to ( a ) self-organize or self-assemble into some useful conformation, or ( b ) rely on positional assembly.

" Bottom-up " ( or " small chunk ") cognition is akin to focusing on the detail primarily, rather than the landscape.

* Integrated Parallel Bottom-up and Top-down Approach.

Bottom-up parsing identifies and processes the text's lowest-level small details first, before its mid-level structures, and leaving the highest-level overall structure to last.

Bottom-up parsing lazily waits until it has scanned and parsed all parts of some construct before committing to what the combined construct is.

* Bottom-up models are often the result of a reengineering effort.

Bottom-up approaches, in contrast, use the chemical properties of single molecules to cause single-molecule components to ( a ) self-organize or self-assemble into some useful conformation, or ( b ) rely on positional assembly.

Bottom-up effects occur when the population density of a resource affects the population of the resources ’ consumer.

Objective Elaboration: Bottom-up thinking in which facts are scrutinized without bias ; seeking truth wherever it might lead.

When a sequence of start bit, 5 data bits and stop bit arrives at the input of the teleprinter, it is converted to a 5-bit word and passed to the printer or VDU.

# P < sub > a </ sub >' s header flit arrives at N < sub > 2 </ sub >' s West input VC, which happens to be in the idle state, so assuming we can buffer two flits, P < sub > a </ sub >' s header flit and first body flit are buffered.

The input power entering the cirulator is directed at the matching filter, is reflected at both the input and output of the filter and a portion finally arrives at the load.

It takes clock pulses from the clock input, and makes one of the ten outputs come on in sequence each time a clock pulse arrives.

Similarly, if an input expects to receive data, one or more bound variables will act as place-holders to be substituted by data, when it arrives.

The time when a signal arrives can vary due to many reasons-the input data may vary, the circuit may perform different operations, the temperature and voltage may change, and there are manufacturing differences in the exact construction of each part.

In Fig. 7-4, the input axis of the three-axis platform is shown at some point on the earth.

; Random effect: An effect associated with input variables chosen at random from a population having a large or infinite number of possible values.

Starting from an initial state and initial input ( perhaps empty ), the instructions describe a computation that, when executed, will proceed through a finite number of well-defined successive states, eventually producing " output " and terminating at a final ending state.

The input ( programs and data ) was to be provided to the machine via punched cards, a method being used at the time to direct mechanical looms such as the Jacquard loom.

Therefore, given any positive integer n, it produces a string with Kolmogorov complexity at least as great as n. The program itself has a fixed length U. The input to the program GenerateComplexString is an integer n. Here, the size of n is measured by the number of bits required to represent n, which is log < sub > 2 </ sub >( n ).

The Apple II disk operating system, known simply as DOS, thus intercepted all input typed at the BASIC command prompt to determine whether it was a DOS command.

Based on this definition, the drain efficiency cannot exceed 25 % for a class A amplifier that is supplied drain bias current through resistors ( because RF signal has its zero level at about 50 % of the input DC ).

The brainfuck language uses a simple machine model consisting of the program and instruction pointer, as well as an array of at least 30, 000 byte cells initialized to zero ; a movable data pointer ( initialized to point to the leftmost byte of the array ); and two streams of bytes for input and output ( most often connected to a keyboard and a monitor respectively, and using the ASCII character encoding ).

A simple way to enforce prefix-free-ness is to use machines whose means of input is a binary stream from which bits can be read one at a time.

Chemical reactions happen at a characteristic reaction rate at a given temperature and chemical concentration, and rapid reactions are often described as spontaneous, requiring no input of extra energy other than thermal energy.

Non-spontaneous reactions run so slowly that they are considered to require the input of some type of additional energy ( such as extra heat, light or electricity ) in order to proceed to completion ( chemical equilibrium ) at human time scales.

But telegraph operators were already using typewriters with QWERTY keyboards to " copy " received messages, and at the time it made more sense to build a typewriter that could generate the codes automatically, rather than making them learn to use a new input device.

As a result, most newer chorded keyboards for braille input include at least nine keys.

Notice that this creates a new clock with a 50 % duty cycle at exactly half the frequency of the input clock.

The derivative of a function at a chosen input value describes the best linear approximation of the function near that input value.

Differentiation is a method to compute the rate at which a dependent output y changes with respect to the change in the independent input x.

A symbol input device usually consists of a number of switches that are polled at regular intervals to see which switches are pressed.

In the broadest sense, it is the study of how differences in an input can affect the resultant difference at the output.

* Create the assembly source file under RDOS: < u >< tt > xfer / a $ tti test. sr </ tt ></ u > ( the < tt > xfer </ tt > command will accept input at the console and copy it to a disk file named < tt > test. sr </ tt >; after entering the command, copy and paste ( or type in ) a complete assembly language program, and finish with control-Z ).

EC as a whole, therefore, receives highly-processed input from every sensory modality, as well as input relating to ongoing cognitive processes, though it should be stressed that, within EC, this information remains at least partially segregated.

( Informally, input positions can be thought of as locations at token boundaries.

* the position i in the input at which the matching of this production began: the origin position