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* Bottom-up models are often the result of a reengineering effort.
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Bottom-up and are
Bottom-up processes are generally driven by the abiotic conditions required for primary producers to grow, such as availability of light and nutrients, and the subsequent transfer of energy to consumers at higher trophic levels.
Objective Elaboration: Bottom-up thinking in which facts are scrutinized without bias ; seeking truth wherever it might lead.
Bottom-up and .
* Online lecture on Molecular Electronics and the Bottom-up View of Electronic Conduction by S. Datta
Bottom-up processing is a type of information processing based on incoming data from the environment to form a perception.
Bottom-up emphasizes coding and early testing, which can begin as soon as the first module has been specified.
Bottom-up parsing is a strategy for analyzing unknown data relationships that attempts to identify the most fundamental units first, and then to infer higher-order structures from them.
See Top-down parsing and Bottom-up parsing.
Bottom-up approaches seek to have smaller ( usually molecular ) components built up into more complex assemblies, while top-down approaches seek to create nanoscale devices by using larger, externally controlled ones to direct their assembly.
Bottom-up approaches, in contrast, use the chemical properties of single molecules to cause single-molecule components to ( a ) self-organize or self-assemble into some useful conformation, or ( b ) rely on positional assembly.
" Bottom-up " ( or " small chunk ") cognition is akin to focusing on the detail primarily, rather than the landscape.
* Integrated Parallel Bottom-up and Top-down Approach.
* Bottom-up approach: Once we formulate the solution to a problem recursively as in terms of its subproblems, we can try reformulating the problem in a bottom-up fashion: try solving the subproblems first and use their solutions to build-on and arrive at solutions to bigger subproblems.
* Bottom-up parsing-A parser can start with the input and attempt to rewrite it to the start symbol.
Bottom-up parsing identifies and processes the text's lowest-level small details first, before its mid-level structures, and leaving the highest-level overall structure to last.
Bottom-up parsing lazily waits until it has scanned and parsed all parts of some construct before committing to what the combined construct is.
Bottom-up approaches, in contrast, use the chemical properties of single molecules to cause single-molecule components to ( a ) self-organize or self-assemble into some useful conformation, or ( b ) rely on positional assembly.
Bottom-up input arrives at layer 4 ( L4 ), whence it propagates to L2 and L3 for recognition of the invariant content.
Bottom-up effects occur when the population density of a resource affects the population of the resources ’ consumer.
models and are
Here are the brands ( in alphabetical order ) and the new models.
At Cypress Gardens special bleachers are set up for photographers at water-ski shows and lovely models pose for pictures in garden settings.
The disadvantages to this method are that you may not have as great a choice of models readily available or you may have to wait a few days or, during the busy tourist season, when cars are in great demand, you might find it fairly difficult to get a car at all.
There are as many rates as there are countries and models of cars available.
Quite naturally, there is a greater availability of those models which are manufactured within a specific country.
If you would like to start your tour in Italy, where the rental fees are actually the lowest in Europe, Fiats in all sizes are available, as are Alfa Romeo Giulietta models.
Rates for American cars are somewhat higher, ranging from about $8.00 a day up to $14.00 a day for a Chevrolet Convertible, but the rate per kilometer driven is roughly the same as for the larger European models.
After the first month, rates are considerably less, averaging only about $60 a month for most 4- and 5-passenger models.
The information provided by the electron paramagnetic effects is then discussed, and finally the nuclear effects are interpreted in terms of various motional-modified models of the Af bond in Af.
271 - 307 ) indicate, that the concept of function in sociology has been built up from physiological and biological models, in which the notions of teleology, i.e., metaphysical purpose, are central.
There are three classes of models used in the analysis of variance, and these are outlined here.
Random effects models are used when the treatments are not fixed.
The separate assumptions of the textbook model imply that the errors are independently, identically, and normally distributed for fixed effects models, that is, that the errors (' s ) are independent and
In practice, " statistical models " and observational data are useful for suggesting hypotheses that should be treated very cautiously by the public.
Melzak's and Lambek's primitive models reduced this notion to four elements: ( i ) discrete, distinguishable locations, ( ii ) discrete, indistinguishable counters ( iii ) an agent, and ( iv ) a list of instructions that are effective relative to the capability of the agent.
For example, while the axiom of choice implies that there is a well-ordering of the real numbers, there are models of set theory with the axiom of choice in which no well-ordering of the reals is definable.
Similarly, all the statements listed below which require choice or some weaker version thereof for their proof are unprovable in ZF, but since each is provable in ZF plus the axiom of choice, there are models of ZF in which each statement is true.
models and often
Entry-level models, especially those made in East Asia, often use nato wood, which is again tonally similar to mahogany but is cheap to acquire.
In addition to these geometrical constructions, Dürer discusses in this last book of Underweysung der Messung an assortment of mechanisms for drawing in perspective from models and provides woodcut illustrations of these methods that are often reproduced in discussions of perspective.
Even when he had achieved popularity and his work was in demand, he still reworked models, often destroying them or setting them aside to be returned to years later.
Given the complexity of the calculations involved and the convoluted structure that a convertible bond can have, an arbitrageur often relies on sophisticated quantitative models in order to identify bonds that are trading cheap versus their theoretical value.
As with the cars, new models are often exhibited by manufacturers at prestigious industry shows to gain new orders.
In both cases, it is often mathematical convenience rather than the accuracy of the models that motivates their use.
Critics argue that there are some phenomena which are better captured by symbolic models, and that connectionist models are often so complex as to have little explanatory power.
The field is usually seen as compatible with the physical sciences, and uses the scientific method as well as simulation or modeling, often comparing the output of models with aspects of human behavior.
Some critics of this approach feel that while these models approach biological reality as a representation of how the system works, they lack explanatory powers because complicated systems of connections with even simple rules are extremely complex and often less interpretable than the system they model.
Bayesian models, often drawn from machine learning, are also gaining popularity.
In practice, digital computation is often used to simulate natural processes ( for example, evolutionary computation ), including those that are more naturally described by analog models of computation ( for example, artificial neural network ).
Other ( typically less accurate ) methods are called empirical or semi-empirical because they employ experimental results, often from acceptable models of atoms or related molecules, to approximate some elements of the underlying theory.
Light interaction is often approximated by the even simpler models: diffuse reflection and specular reflection, although both can be BRDFs.
Given the bias of the Victorian age, female students were denied direct study in anatomy and could not attend drawing classes with live models ( who were often prostitutes ) until a decade later.
Newer models however are now able to detect touch from any pressure and often have the ability to detect tilt and rotation as well.
The single data mart often models a specific business area such as " Sales " or " Production.
To consolidate these various data models, and facilitate the extract transform load ( ETL ) process, DW solutions often make use of an operational data store ( ODS ).
Models of the human ear-brain combination incorporating such effects are often called psychoacoustic models.
It also focuses the researcher in formulating hypotheses in a precise and exact manner, whereas theoretical models often stay very vague.
Digital effects designed for DJs are often sold in tabletop models, so that the units can be placed alongside a mixer, turntables and CD scratching gear.
Beginner models often have only the three top-action valves, while some intermediate " student " models may have a fourth top-action valve, played with the fourth finger of the right hand.
Econometrics may use standard statistical models to study economic questions, but most often they are with observational data, rather than in controlled experiments.
In such cases, economists rely on observational studies, often using data sets with many strongly associated covariates, resulting in enormous numbers of models with similar explanatory ability but different covariates and regression estimates.
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