By 1850, Luanda was one of the greatest and most developed Portuguese cities in the vast Portuguese Empire outside Mainland Portugal, full of trading companies, exporting ( together with Benguela ) palm and peanut oil, wax, copal, timber, ivory, cotton, coffee, and cocoa, among many other products.

By 1850, Parliament had enacted several statutes on a case-by-case basis to deal with issues regularly faced by certain types of organizations, like joint-stock companies, and with the impetus for most types of group litigation removed, it went into a steep decline in English jurisprudence from which it never recovered.

By 1850, Newson was a prosperous businessman and was able to build Alde House, a mansion on a hill behind Aldeburgh.

By 1850 the German states were catching up, and by 1900 Germany was a world leader in industrialization, along with Britain and the United States.

By 1850 European explorers had begun mapping the interior.

By 1850, Luanda was one of the greatest and most developed Portuguese cities in the vast Portuguese Empire outside Mainland Portugal, full of trading companies, exporting ( together with Benguela ) palm and peanut oil, wax, copal, timber, ivory, cotton, coffee, and cocoa, among many other products.

By 1850 this had increased fivefold to 350 million and continued to grow rapidly thereafter, until the end of the 20th century when newer methods drastically reduced the use of delivery systems requiring stamps.

By 1850, various methods such as rouletting wheels were being devised in an effort to make stamp separation more efficient and to allow for large numbers of stamps to be quickly separated.

By 1850, North America had discovered a love of the sport, and, indeed, North America went on to develop the all-steel blade, which was both lighter and sharper.

By 1850 eleven editions had been printed.

By 1850, it became clear that the Capitol could not accommodate the growing number of legislators arriving from newly admitted states.

By 1850 California had enough settlers arriving by the California Trail and by sea to become the 31st state.

By 1850, the Jewish population consisted of 60 Sephardi families and a 30-year old Ashkenazi community of 50 families.

By 1850, Luanda was one of the largest Portuguese cities in the Portuguese Empire outside Mainland Portugal exporting ( together with Benguela ) palm and peanut oil, wax, copal, timber, ivory, cotton, coffee, and cocoa, among many other products-almost all the produce of a continued forced labour system.

By 1850 California entered the Union as a free state.

By the middle of the 19th century, subsequent to the Industrial Revolution ( 1750 – 1850 ), the great expansion of the bourgeoisie social class caused its self-stratification — by business activity and by economic function — into the haute bourgeoisie ( bankers and industrialists ) and the petite bourgeoisie ( tradesmen and white-collar workers ).

By 1850, most of the easily accessible gold had been collected, and attention turned to extracting gold from more difficult locations.

By 1850, nearly all German states used this standard of Thaler, though with differing subdivisions.

By 1850, however, Edward Hincks came to suspect a non-Semitic origin for cuneiform.

By 1850, de Celis was listed in the Los Angeles Census as an agriculturist, 42 years old, and the owner of a real estate worth $ 20, 000.

By 1850, it was the second most populous county in Texas out of the 78 counties that had been organized at that time, according to the 1850 census.

By 1850 about thirty-nine ranches were in operation in what later became Hidalgo County.

By 1850, the county had more slaves than any other county in Texas until the end of the Civil War.

By 1840 the population had reached 600, and in 1850 Yorkville consisted of 93 dwellings and 617 inhabitants.

By automobile from New York, for example, you can take a one or two-day tour to Annapolis, Maryland to see the colonial homes and the U.S. Naval Academy ( where you can shoot the dress parade on Wednesdays ) ; ;

By the early 20th century the Liberals stance began to shift towards " New Liberalism ", what would today be called social liberalism: a belief in personal liberty with a support for government intervention to provide minimum levels of welfare.

By the late 1950s, the once-prosperous port area of downtown Manhattan was occupied by a number of dilapidated shipping piers, casualties of the rise of container shipping which drove sea traffic to Port Elizabeth, New Jersey.

By the late 1920s, New York writers other than Fitz Gerald were starting to use " Big Apple " and were using it outside of a horse-racing context.

By the 1960s, " the Big Apple " was known only as an old name for New York.

By then, early dance camps, retreats, and weekends had emerged, such as Pinewoods Camp, in Plymouth, Massachusetts, which became primarily a music and dance camp in 1933, and NEFFA, the New England Folk Festival, also in Massachusetts, which began in 1944.

By cutting transportation costs in half or more it became a large profit center for Albany, New York and New York City as it allowed the cheap transportation of many of the agricultural products grown in the mid west of the United States to the rest of the world.

By 1920, Cambridge was one of the main industrial cities of New England, with nearly 120, 000 residents.

By mid-1815 a large Spanish expeditionary force under Pablo Morillo had arrived in New Granada.

By 1900 the demand for Beaux's work brought clients from Washington, D. C., to Boston, prompting the artist to move to New York City ; it was there she spent the winters, while summering at Green Alley, the home and studio she had built in Gloucester, Massachusetts.

By 1900, administrative control was transferred to New Zealand ; in 1965 residents chose self-government in free association with New Zealand.

By the end of the 19th century the Sherman Act, New Jersey allowing holding companies, and mergers resulted in larger corporations with dispersed shareholders.

" Clarence Brown " in The Parade's Gone By New York: Knopf, 1968

By the late 1930s, Thomas was embraced as the " poetic herald " for a group of English poets, the New Apocalyptics.

By the end of the month, over 200 New Yorkers had died from the smog.

By 1769 the situation in the Grants had deteriorated to the point where surveyors and other figures of New York authority were being physically threatened and driven from the area.

By the end of October, Allen was again off New York, where the British, having secured the city, moved the prisoners on-shore, and, as he was considered an officer, gave Allen limited parole.

By the New Kingdom he was also associated with Amun, the supreme force in the cosmos.

By the English Middle Ages the term had been expanded to include not only the message, but also the New Testament which contained the message, as well as more specifically the four books of the Bible in which the life, death and resurrection of Jesus are portrayed.

Oshima's Cruel Story of Youth, Night and Fog in Japan and Death By Hanging, along with Shindo's Onibaba, Hani's Kanojo to kare and Imamura's The Insect Woman, became some of the better-known examples of Japanese New Wave filmmaking.

By the mid 19th century, the South, The city of New Orleans in particular, being situated as a key to commerce on the Mississippi River and in the Gulf, had become the largest U. S. city not on the Atlantic seaboard and the fourth largest in the U. S. overall.

By the 1930s the place would evolve to become her greatest legacy, the Whitney Museum of American Art, on the site of today's New York Studio School of Drawing, Painting and Sculpture.

By New X-Men # 115, Genosha had a population of sixteen million mutants and a stable, advanced society.