By convention in some law reports, the appellant is named first.

By convention, the top strand is written from the 5 ' end to the 3 ' end ; thus, the bottom strand is written 3 ' to 5 '.

By convention, the bicyclic β-lactams are numbered starting with the position occupied by sulfur in the penams and cephems, regardless of which atom it is in a given class.

By convention the products form the numerator.

By modern convention, enclosures are numbered from the centre outwards.

By convention, a calendar year consists of a natural number of days.

) By convention, L ( P, P )

By direct substitution, the solution to this equation can be readily shown to be the scalar Green's function, which in the spherical coordinate system ( and using the physics time convention ) is:

By convention, unknowns are denoted by letters at the end of the alphabet, x, y, z, w, …, while knowns are denoted by letters at the beginning, a, b, c, d, ….

By convention, the charge carried by electrons is deemed negative, and that by protons positive, a custom that originated with the work of Benjamin Franklin.

By historical convention, a positive current is defined as having the same direction of flow as any positive charge it contains, or to flow from the most positive part of a circuit to the most negative part.

By convention, electric engine refers to a railroad electric locomotive, rather than an electric motor.

By convention, letters at the beginning of the alphabet ( e. g. ) are typically used to represent constants, and those toward the end of the alphabet ( e. g. and ) are used to represent variables.

By convention, the charge of an electron is − 1, while that of a proton is + 1.

By convention the subroutine expected this and the first thing it did was to overwrite its final jump instruction with that address so that it returned.

( By modern convention, the sequence begins with F < sub > 0 </ sub > = 0.

By convention, this may only be advised by the Prime Minister.

By convention, the longest serving state governor holds a dormant commission, allowing an assumption of office to commence whenever a vacancy occurs.

By convention, the Prime Minister is appointed to this Council and advises as to which parliamentarians shall become ministers and parliamentary secretaries.

By law and Southern social convention, household heads were adult, white propertied males, and all white women and all African Americans were thought to require protection and guidance because they lacked the capacity for reason and self-control.

By convention the audience realises that the character's speech is unheard by the other characters on stage.

By defying the convention of painting on an upright surface, he added a new dimension by being able to view and apply paint to his canvases from all directions.

By convention, one of these, the Prime Meridian, which passes through the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, England, establishes the position of zero degrees longitude.

By convention, the carbon atoms are numbered from 1 to x along the backbone, starting from the end that is closest to the C =

By convention, physical quantities are organized in a dimensional system built upon base quantities, each of which is regarded as having its own dimension.

By the time Esther was written, the foreign power visible on the horizon as a future threat to Judah was the Macedonians of Alexander the Great, who defeated the Persian empire about 150 years after the time of the story of Esther ; the Septuagint version noticeably calls Haman a " bully " ( βουγαῖον ) where the Hebrew text describes him as an Agagite.

By 1967, when a military junta had seized power in Greece, the political impetus for enosis had faded, partly as a result of the non-aligned foreign policy of Cypriot President Makarios.

By 1921, it changed once again, forming the following sections: directory of affairs, administrative-organizational, secretly operative, economical, and foreign affairs.

By 1990, Compaq Europe was a $ 2 billion business, and foreign sales contributed 54 percent of Compaq's revenues.

By June 2003, all foreign armies except those of Rwanda had pulled out of Congo.

By the end of 1954 Eisenhower's military and foreign policy experts – the NSC, CJS and State Dept.

By the autumn of 1559 several foreign suitors were vying for Elizabeth's hand ; their impatient envoys engaged in ever more scandalous talk and reported that a marriage with her favourite was not welcome in England: " There is not a man who does not cry out on him and her with indignation ... she will marry none but the favoured Robert ".

By 1911 there were enough independent and foreign films available to programme all the shows of the independent exhibitors, and in 1912 the independents had nearly half of the market.

By international agreement and Gabonese law, an exclusive economic zone extends off the coast, which prohibits any foreign fishing company to fish in this zone without governmental authorization.

By 2004, Japan had become Bangladesh's fourth-largest source of foreign direct investment, behind the United States, United Kingdom, and Malaysia.

By the 1970s, Jamaica had emerged as a world leader in export of these minerals as foreign investment increased.

By the turn of the 19th century, the company had become the largest of the ‘’ hongs ’’ or foreign trading conglomerates with offices in all the important Chinese cities as well as Yokohama, Japan.

By the beginning of 1429, nearly all of northern France and some parts of the southwest were under foreign control.

By 1857 he had accumulated over 800 pages of notes and short essays on capital, landed property, wage labour, the state, and foreign trade and the world market ; this work did not appear in print until 1941, under the title Grundrisse.

By January 1970, Zambia had acquired majority holding in the Zambian operations of the two major foreign mining interests, the Anglo American Corporation and the Rhodesia Selection Trust ( RST ); the two became the Nchanga Consolidated Copper Mines ( NCCM ) and Roan Consolidated Mines ( RCM ), respectively.

By 1909, Liberia faced serious external threats to its sovereignty from the European colonial powers over unpaid foreign loans and annexation of its borderlands. http :// www. globalsecurity. org / military / ops / liberia. htm

By a process of folk etymology, the Romans could have confused the phones of her foreign name with those of the root men-in Latin words such as mens meaning " mind ", perhaps because one of her aspects as goddess pertained to the intellectual.

By this time, Brando was already involved in films that carried messages about human rights: Sayonara, which addressed interracial romance, and The Ugly American, depicting the conduct of US officials abroad and its deleterious effect on the citizens of foreign countries.

By the end of the 1930s, agreements on foreign assistance and trade had been reached with many countries, most notably Germany, Italy, and Japan.

By comparison, during the Cold War, there were rarely any foreign visitors to the DPRK except from other communist nations.

By contrast, outside North American common law jurisdictions, notarial practice is restricted to international legal matters or where a foreign jurisdiction is involved, and almost all notaries are also qualified lawyers.

By law, NSA's intelligence gathering is limited to foreign communications, although domestic incidents such as the NSA warrantless surveillance controversy have occurred.

By 1786, Americans found their continental borders besieged and weak, their respective economies in crises as neighboring states agitated trade rivalries with one another, witnessed their hard currency pouring into foreign markets to pay for imports, their Mediterranean commerce preyed upon by North African pirates, and their foreign-financed Revolutionary War debts unpaid and accruing interest.

By 1973, they began shipping Pong to other countries with the aid of foreign partners.

By banning the usage of imported words in the press, the association succeeded in removing several hundred foreign words from the language.