By lowering the activation energy, the enzyme speeds up that reaction by a rate of 10 < sup > 11 </ sup > or more: a reaction that would normally take over 3, 000 years to complete spontaneously might take less than a second with an enzyme.

By the beginnings of the 80s, lowering of costs in microcontroller electronics made direct drive turntables more affordable.

By lowering the temperature, the fraction of the superfluid density increases from zero at T < sub > λ </ sub > to one at zero kelvin.

By lowering VLDL levels, niacin also increases the level of high-density lipoprotein ( HDL ) or " good " cholesterol in blood, and therefore it is sometimes prescribed for people with low HDL, who are also at high risk of a heart attack.

By repeated application of the lowering operator, it seems that we can produce energy eigenstates down to E

By revolution lowering, does become

By lowering the pH of the solvent in a cation exchange column, for instance, more hydrogen ions are available to compete for positions on the anionic stationary phase, thereby eluting weakly bound cations.

By lowering expenditure on goods or services, it is possible to increase savings which can lead to financial independence and the possibility of early retirement as described in Your Money or Your Life by Joe Dominguez and Vicki Robin, or to reduce income and the time spent earning money.

By decreasing the pressure at the bottom of the well ( by lowering bottomhole flowing pressure, or increasing drawdown ), significantly more oil can be produced from the well when compared with natural production.

By the middle of the 20th century, some high-end U. S. toasters featured automatic toast lowering and raising, with no levers to operate — simply dropping the slices into the machine commenced the toasting procedure.

By lowering the pH levels in the venous capillaries, oxygen unbinds from blood hemoglobin.

By studying what types of ranking manipulations a search engine is punishing, a company can provoke a search engine into lowering the ranking of a competitor's website.

By the 1950s, the course of the river near its mouth had been affected by subsidence from coal mining, and the lowering of the channel resulted in much of the surrounding land being regularly flooded.

By the 1980s many permanent sandbars had formed due to the lowering of the level of the river.

By artificially lowering rents on some units with long term tenants, even in some cases forcing landlords to maintain that at a loss, rent control forces landlords to recoup this lost income on newly vacated units, thus increasing rent for new tenants beyond what is necessary.

By only lowering the distal end of the bill into the water it allows nostrils to remain above water.

By contrast, Republicans insisted that national prosperity depended on industry that paid high wages, and warned that lowering the tariff would be a disaster because low-wage European factories would flood American markets.

By increasing overall product quality, the amount of raw materials needed is decreased, thereby lowering manufacturing costs.

By buying goods and then reselling them directly to customers, Ward was consequently removing the middlemen at the general store and, to the benefit of the customer, drastically lowering the prices.

By inhibiting the enterohepatic circulation, more L-thyroxine will be lost through defecation, thus lowering body thyroxine levels.

By lowering the energy of the transition state, it allows a greater population of the starting material to attain the energy needed to overcome the transition energy and proceed to product.

By lowering the water table and opening up large new deposits of lead ore, they transformed the industry.

By combining pharmaceuticals and neurotechnologies, some researchers have discovered ways of lowering the " fear " response and theorize that it may be applicable to PTSD.

By lowering the power supply from 5V to 3. 3V, switching power was reduced by almost 60 percent ( power dissipation is proportional to the square of the supply voltage ).

By 1980 Brazil had become a net exporter of arms.

By 1991 the public-sector deficit was entirely financed with net external credit.

By 1925 it was known that protons and electrons had a spin of 1 / 2, and in the Rutherford model of nitrogen-14, 20 of the total 21 nuclear particles should have paired up to cancel each other's spin, and the final odd particle should have left the nucleus with a net spin of 1 / 2.

By Newton's first law, this situation implies that the net force and net torque ( also known as moment of force ) on every part of the system is zero.

" By February 1926, the studio suffered a reported net loss of $ 333, 413.

By 1946, company payroll reached $ 600, 000 a week and net profit $ 19. 4 million.

By the end of 1947, the studio reached a record net profit of $ 22 million.

By the end of 1953, the studio's net profit was $ 2. 9 million and ranged between $ 2 and $ 4 million for the next two years.

By December 2010 Voyager 1 had reached a region of space where there was no net velocity of the solar wind.

By moving the heat away from the collection surface, it greatly reduces thermal losses at night and improves net heat gain.

By contrast, capital is a stock — that is, accumulated net investment to a point in time ( such as December 31 ).

By filtering on one or more tags, ( e. g. ". net " and " database ") users can discover popular or recent links and subscribe to a feed of those links.

By 1993, the subsidiary produced a year-end $ 1. 287 billion net loss on $ 7. 265 billion in revenue.

By 2004, Peru had a far-reaching social safety net that included food programs serving 35 percent of the population, and work programs offering temporary employment to unskilled workers.

By the middle of 2000, the dot-com bubble had burst, Hasbro share price had lost 70 % of its value in just over a year and Hasbro would post a net loss the first time in two decades.

By limiting the ability of “ shadow banks ” to compete with traditional banks in creating “ money-like ” instruments, Hoenig hopes to better assure that the safety net is not ultimately called upon to “ bail them shadow banks such as Bear Stearns and AIG during the financial crisis out in a crisis .” He proposes to deal with actual commercial banks by imposing “ Glass-Steagall-type boundaries ” so that banks “ that have access to the safety net should be restricted to certain core activities that the safety net was intended to protect — making loans and taking deposits — and related activities consistent with the presence of the safety net .”

By 1913 the total had risen to some 1. 5 million net tons, but the disruption caused by the First World War produced a major decline in traffic.

By contrast, interactive tools are generally synchronous, allowing users to communicate in real time ( phone, net phone, video chat ) or near-synchronous ( IM, text chat ).

By 2005 her net worth had increased to between $ 43 million and $ 99 million.

By the early 2000s, the Republic had become the second richest ( in terms of GDP per capita, adjusted for purchasing power parity ) member of the European Union, had moved from being a net recipient of EU funds to a net contributor, and from a position of net emigration to one of net imigration.