By lowering the activation energy, the enzyme speeds up that reaction by a rate of 10 < sup > 11 </ sup > or more: a reaction that would normally take over 3, 000 years to complete spontaneously might take less than a second with an enzyme.

By the beginnings of the 80s, lowering of costs in microcontroller electronics made direct drive turntables more affordable.

By lowering the temperature, the fraction of the superfluid density increases from zero at T < sub > λ </ sub > to one at zero kelvin.

By lowering VLDL levels, niacin also increases the level of high-density lipoprotein ( HDL ) or " good " cholesterol in blood, and therefore it is sometimes prescribed for people with low HDL, who are also at high risk of a heart attack.

By repeated application of the lowering operator, it seems that we can produce energy eigenstates down to E

By revolution lowering, does become

By lowering the pH of the solvent in a cation exchange column, for instance, more hydrogen ions are available to compete for positions on the anionic stationary phase, thereby eluting weakly bound cations.

By lowering expenditure on goods or services, it is possible to increase savings which can lead to financial independence and the possibility of early retirement as described in Your Money or Your Life by Joe Dominguez and Vicki Robin, or to reduce income and the time spent earning money.

By decreasing the pressure at the bottom of the well ( by lowering bottomhole flowing pressure, or increasing drawdown ), significantly more oil can be produced from the well when compared with natural production.

By the middle of the 20th century, some high-end U. S. toasters featured automatic toast lowering and raising, with no levers to operate — simply dropping the slices into the machine commenced the toasting procedure.

By lowering the pH levels in the venous capillaries, oxygen unbinds from blood hemoglobin.

By studying what types of ranking manipulations a search engine is punishing, a company can provoke a search engine into lowering the ranking of a competitor's website.

By the 1950s, the course of the river near its mouth had been affected by subsidence from coal mining, and the lowering of the channel resulted in much of the surrounding land being regularly flooded.

By the 1980s many permanent sandbars had formed due to the lowering of the level of the river.

By lowering the net production of early successional plants by consuming them and then augmenting the nutrients in the soil available to later successional plants through defecation, the walking stick ensures the tendency of early successional plants to swiftly immobilize soil nutrients in light gaps does not stymie new substantial growth and the recycling of the tropical forest.

By artificially lowering rents on some units with long term tenants, even in some cases forcing landlords to maintain that at a loss, rent control forces landlords to recoup this lost income on newly vacated units, thus increasing rent for new tenants beyond what is necessary.

By only lowering the distal end of the bill into the water it allows nostrils to remain above water.

By contrast, Republicans insisted that national prosperity depended on industry that paid high wages, and warned that lowering the tariff would be a disaster because low-wage European factories would flood American markets.

By increasing overall product quality, the amount of raw materials needed is decreased, thereby lowering manufacturing costs.

By buying goods and then reselling them directly to customers, Ward was consequently removing the middlemen at the general store and, to the benefit of the customer, drastically lowering the prices.

By inhibiting the enterohepatic circulation, more L-thyroxine will be lost through defecation, thus lowering body thyroxine levels.

By lowering the water table and opening up large new deposits of lead ore, they transformed the industry.

By combining pharmaceuticals and neurotechnologies, some researchers have discovered ways of lowering the " fear " response and theorize that it may be applicable to PTSD.

By lowering the power supply from 5V to 3. 3V, switching power was reduced by almost 60 percent ( power dissipation is proportional to the square of the supply voltage ).

By considering the propagation of the negative energy modes of the electron field backward in time, Ernst Stueckelberg reached a pictorial understanding of the fact that the particle and antiparticle have equal mass m and spin J but opposite charges q.

By controlling information flow through biochemical signalling and the flow of chemical energy through metabolism, biochemical processes give rise to the complexity of life.

By default, the system state will be in either of the minima states, because that corresponds to the state of lowest energy.

By storing and releasing the energy needed for heating or cooling, concrete's thermal mass delivers year-round benefits by reducing temperature swings inside and minimizing heating and cooling costs.

By 1459 the Sultan promoted a lot of energy to bringing prosperity to Constantinople.

By definition, it is the amount of energy gained by the charge of a single electron moved across an electric potential difference of one volt.

By feeding on plants and on one another, animals play an important role in the movement of matter and energy through the system.

By inserting the energetic definitions of the ionization potential and electron affinity into the Mulliken electronegativity, it is possible to show that the Mulliken chemical potential is a finite difference approximation of the electronic energy with respect to the number of electrons., i. e.,

By manipulating the basic dimensional constants one can also construct the Planck time, Planck length and Planck energy which make a good system of units for expressing dimensional measurements, known as Planck units.

By a minimization of free energy argument, the relation that predicted the smaller new contact angle is the state most likely to exist.

By the end of the twentieth century interest in hydraulic rams has revived, due to the needs of sustainable technology in developing countries, and energy conservation in developed ones.

Engines can be classified in many different ways: By the engine cycle used, the layout of the engine, source of energy, the use of the engine, or by the cooling system employed.

By re-assessing and changing the light sources used, it is often possible to reduce energy use and pollutive effects while simultaneously greatly improving efficiency and visibility.

By treating the star as an idealized energy radiator known as a black body, the luminosity L and radius R can be related to the effective temperature by the Stefan – Boltzmann law:

By assuming that light actually consisted of discrete energy packets, Einstein wrote an equation for the photoelectric effect that agreed with experimental results.

By 1905 it was known that the energy of photoelectrons increases with increasing frequency of incident light and is independent of the intensity of the light.

By using a turboexpander, the electricity needs for compressed storage at 200 bars amounts to 2. 1 % of the energy content.

By contrast, most non-ionizing radiation is harmful to organisms only in proportion to the thermal energy deposited, and is conventionally considered harmless at low powers which do not produce significant temperature rise.

By contrast, ionizing radiation is conventionally considered to have no completely safe lower limit, although at some energy levels, new exposures do not add appreciably to background radiation.

By absorbing a certain type of energy, it undergoes a three stage transformation.

By simply holding the fire button down, the player can build up energy in their ship, drawing in tiny, glowing particles through the ship's nose.

By the end of the decade oil was Switzerland's primary energy source.

By photosynthesis green plants convert solar energy into chemical energy, which produces food, wood and the biomass from which fossil fuels are derived.