By lowering the activation energy, the enzyme speeds up that reaction by a rate of 10 < sup > 11 </ sup > or more: a reaction that would normally take over 3, 000 years to complete spontaneously might take less than a second with an enzyme.

By the beginnings of the 80s, lowering of costs in microcontroller electronics made direct drive turntables more affordable.

By lowering the temperature, the fraction of the superfluid density increases from zero at T < sub > λ </ sub > to one at zero kelvin.

By repeated application of the lowering operator, it seems that we can produce energy eigenstates down to E

By revolution lowering, does become

By lowering the pH of the solvent in a cation exchange column, for instance, more hydrogen ions are available to compete for positions on the anionic stationary phase, thereby eluting weakly bound cations.

By lowering expenditure on goods or services, it is possible to increase savings which can lead to financial independence and the possibility of early retirement as described in Your Money or Your Life by Joe Dominguez and Vicki Robin, or to reduce income and the time spent earning money.

By decreasing the pressure at the bottom of the well ( by lowering bottomhole flowing pressure, or increasing drawdown ), significantly more oil can be produced from the well when compared with natural production.

By the middle of the 20th century, some high-end U. S. toasters featured automatic toast lowering and raising, with no levers to operate — simply dropping the slices into the machine commenced the toasting procedure.

By lowering the pH levels in the venous capillaries, oxygen unbinds from blood hemoglobin.

By studying what types of ranking manipulations a search engine is punishing, a company can provoke a search engine into lowering the ranking of a competitor's website.

By the 1950s, the course of the river near its mouth had been affected by subsidence from coal mining, and the lowering of the channel resulted in much of the surrounding land being regularly flooded.

By the 1980s many permanent sandbars had formed due to the lowering of the level of the river.

By lowering the net production of early successional plants by consuming them and then augmenting the nutrients in the soil available to later successional plants through defecation, the walking stick ensures the tendency of early successional plants to swiftly immobilize soil nutrients in light gaps does not stymie new substantial growth and the recycling of the tropical forest.

By artificially lowering rents on some units with long term tenants, even in some cases forcing landlords to maintain that at a loss, rent control forces landlords to recoup this lost income on newly vacated units, thus increasing rent for new tenants beyond what is necessary.

By only lowering the distal end of the bill into the water it allows nostrils to remain above water.

By contrast, Republicans insisted that national prosperity depended on industry that paid high wages, and warned that lowering the tariff would be a disaster because low-wage European factories would flood American markets.

By increasing overall product quality, the amount of raw materials needed is decreased, thereby lowering manufacturing costs.

By buying goods and then reselling them directly to customers, Ward was consequently removing the middlemen at the general store and, to the benefit of the customer, drastically lowering the prices.

By inhibiting the enterohepatic circulation, more L-thyroxine will be lost through defecation, thus lowering body thyroxine levels.

By lowering the energy of the transition state, it allows a greater population of the starting material to attain the energy needed to overcome the transition energy and proceed to product.

By lowering the water table and opening up large new deposits of lead ore, they transformed the industry.

By combining pharmaceuticals and neurotechnologies, some researchers have discovered ways of lowering the " fear " response and theorize that it may be applicable to PTSD.

By lowering the power supply from 5V to 3. 3V, switching power was reduced by almost 60 percent ( power dissipation is proportional to the square of the supply voltage ).

By the early 20th century the Liberals stance began to shift towards " New Liberalism ", what would today be called social liberalism: a belief in personal liberty with a support for government intervention to provide minimum levels of welfare.

By the same time, the Croatian Adriatic coast had taken shape as an internationally popular tourist destination, all coastal republics ( but mostly SR Croatia ) profited greatly from this, as tourist numbers reached levels still unsurpassed in modern Croatia.

By late 1918, hundreds of Cheka committees had been created in various cities, at multiple levels including: oblast, guberniya (" Gubcheks "), raion, uyezd, and volost Chekas, with Raion and Volost Extraordinary Commissioners.

By 1989 President Callejas's broad economic goal became to return Honduran economic growth to 1960-80 levels.

By 1763, he was receiving orders from the highest levels of the British nobility, including Queen Charlotte.

By the time production reached acceptable levels, as so many other factors had for the Luftwaffe late in the war, it was too little too late.

By controlling the voltage applied across the liquid crystal layer in each pixel, light can be allowed to pass through in varying amounts thus constituting different levels of gray.

By 1952 as the funding ended, the economy of every participant state had surpassed pre-war levels ; for all Marshall Plan recipients, output in 1951 was at least 35 % higher than in 1938.

By the Cisuralian, both oxygen and carbon dioxide had recovered to more normal levels.

By contrast, in classical PKU, prolactin levels would be relatively normal.

By contrast, ionizing radiation is conventionally considered to have no completely safe lower limit, although at some energy levels, new exposures do not add appreciably to background radiation.

By an offshore drilling contractor effectively applying HSE Management in its organization, it can optimize risk to achieve levels of residual risk that are tolerable.

By the mid-1970s, stepped up economic development had raised traffic to capacity levels.

By combining space and time into a single manifold, physicists have significantly simplified a large number of physical theories, as well as described in a more uniform way the workings of the universe at both the supergalactic and subatomic levels.

By combining decisions probabilistically at all lower levels, and making more deterministic decisions only at the highest level ;

By 2008, the economy was 16. 7 times the size it was in 1978, and 12. 1 times its previous per capita levels.

* The Law to Improve Occupational Old Age Pensions ( 1974 ), which extended coverage of occupational pensions whilst also “ co-ordinating them more closely with state pensions and setting minimum standards as regards benefit levels and the preservation of pension rights .” By 1976, as a result of this legislation, 65 % of private sector employees were covered by occupational schemes and over two-thirds of these workers were eligible for benefits equal to more than 15 % of their earnings at retirement.

By keeping Li at the upper levels of the Party, China's leaders communicated to the world that the country remained stable and united.

By not having a subwoofer monitor, a bass shaker also enables a drummer to lower the sound pressure levels that he is exposed to during a performance.

By the end of the Carboniferous, when levels had lowered to something approaching today's, around 17 times more water was lost per unit of uptake.

By the time Gygax and Kuntz had stopped working on the original home campaign, the castle dungeons had encompassed fifty levels of maze-like passages and thousands of rooms and traps.

By sheer coincidence, exactly 100 years later on 07 August 2012, the Mars Science Laboratory rover used its Radiation Assessment Detector ( RAD ) instrument to begin measuring the radiation levels on another planet for the first time.

By 1870 the population in the states served by the Oregon Trail and its offshoots increased by about 350, 000 over their 1860 census levels.

By inputting data on the ratio of stable isotopes < sup > 18 </ sup > O :< sup > 16 </ sup > O into computer models, it has been shown that in conjunction with quick-weathering of volcanic rock, this increased rainfall may have reduced greenhouse gas levels to below the threshold required to trigger the period of extreme glaciation known as Snowball Earth.