By 1991 the communist governments of Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland and Romania, all of which had been imposed after World War II, were brought down as revolution swept Eastern Europe.

By the late 1960s, the sexual revolution of the baby boomer generation had refocused public attitudes about sex.

By the mid-1960s, West Pakistan was benefiting from Ayub's " Decade of Progress ," with its successful " green revolution " in wheat, and from the expansion of markets for West Pakistani textiles, while the East Pakistan's standard of living remained at an abysmally low level.

By the 18th century, however, Geneva had come under the influence of Catholic France, which cultivated the city elite, who tended to be at odds with the ordinary townsfolk – to the point that an abortive revolution took place in 1782.

By the 1960s, however, the quantitative revolution lead to strong criticism of regional geography.

By 1921, he changed his position and accepted Lenin's emphasis on the survival and strengthening of the Soviet state as the bastion of the future world revolution.

By the mid 19th century, the industrial revolution had transformed England and had begun in France.

By the end of the 18th century the scientific revolution gave way to the " Age of Reflection ".

By the start of the scientific revolution, empiricism had already become an important component of science and natural philosophy.

By discovering many geological forms that are typically formed from large amounts of water, the images from the orbiters caused a revolution in our ideas about water on Mars.

By 1962, while Zhou, Liu and Deng managed affairs of state and the economy, Mao had effectively withdrawn from economic decision-making, and focused much of his time on further contemplating his contributions to Marxist-Leninist social theory, including the idea of " continuous revolution ".

By means of the peaceful revolution in 1989, the communist regime was brought down and the city has been governed democratically since 1990.

By the time the revolution in Paris occurred, three states of Italy had constitutions — four if one considers Sicily to be a separate state.

By assuming that the satellite is spherical,, Q = 100, and it is sensible to guess one revolution every 12 hours in the initial non-locked state ( most asteroids have rotational periods between about 2 hours and about 2 days )

By then he was one of the Russia's most distinguished artists and a member of the modernist avant-garde, which enjoyed special privileges and prestige as the " aesthetic arm of the revolution ".

By helping the Philippine Republic, Sun hoped that the Filipinos would win their independence so that he could use the archipelago as a staging point of another revolution.

By the early 2000s, boating numbers had overtaken the previous industrial revolution high and the canal network was officially classed as ' safe ' following the completion of all outstanding safety works.

By 1948 the Workers Party came to believe that the prospects for revolution were receding and that it must adopt a more realistic strategy given the diminished prospects.

By August 23, Sprengtporten was ready to re-embark for Stockholm with 780 men, but contrary winds kept him back, and in the meantime Gustav III himself had carried out his revolution unaided.

By the end of the 19th century Arana, coming from a Carlist background, created a xenophobic ideology centered on the purity of the Basque race and its so-called moral supremacy over other Spaniards ( a derivation of the system of limpieza de sangre of Modern-Age Spain ), anti-Liberal Catholic integrism, and deep opposition to the migration of other Spaniards to the Basque Country which had started at the first stages of the industrial revolution.

By 1831, however, the population had increased nearly five times ( in part due to the budding industrial revolution ), and Nottingham became known as one of the worst slums in England.

By the 1960s, Ellis had come to be seen as one of the founders of the American sexual revolution.

By altering the speed of revolution ( RPM ) of the pump head, blood flow is produced by centrifugal force.

By the outset of the nineteenth century and particularly in response to the carnage of the latter years of the French revolution, the term Roman holiday had taken on sinister aspects, implying an event that occasions enjoyment or profit at the expense, or derived from the suffering, of others, as in this passage from Childe Harold's Pilgramage ( 1812 – 18 ) by George Gordon, Lord Byron:

By lowering the activation energy, the enzyme speeds up that reaction by a rate of 10 < sup > 11 </ sup > or more: a reaction that would normally take over 3, 000 years to complete spontaneously might take less than a second with an enzyme.

By the beginnings of the 80s, lowering of costs in microcontroller electronics made direct drive turntables more affordable.

By lowering the temperature, the fraction of the superfluid density increases from zero at T < sub > λ </ sub > to one at zero kelvin.

By lowering VLDL levels, niacin also increases the level of high-density lipoprotein ( HDL ) or " good " cholesterol in blood, and therefore it is sometimes prescribed for people with low HDL, who are also at high risk of a heart attack.

By repeated application of the lowering operator, it seems that we can produce energy eigenstates down to E

By lowering the pH of the solvent in a cation exchange column, for instance, more hydrogen ions are available to compete for positions on the anionic stationary phase, thereby eluting weakly bound cations.

By lowering expenditure on goods or services, it is possible to increase savings which can lead to financial independence and the possibility of early retirement as described in Your Money or Your Life by Joe Dominguez and Vicki Robin, or to reduce income and the time spent earning money.

By decreasing the pressure at the bottom of the well ( by lowering bottomhole flowing pressure, or increasing drawdown ), significantly more oil can be produced from the well when compared with natural production.

By the middle of the 20th century, some high-end U. S. toasters featured automatic toast lowering and raising, with no levers to operate — simply dropping the slices into the machine commenced the toasting procedure.

By lowering the pH levels in the venous capillaries, oxygen unbinds from blood hemoglobin.

By studying what types of ranking manipulations a search engine is punishing, a company can provoke a search engine into lowering the ranking of a competitor's website.

By the 1950s, the course of the river near its mouth had been affected by subsidence from coal mining, and the lowering of the channel resulted in much of the surrounding land being regularly flooded.

By the 1980s many permanent sandbars had formed due to the lowering of the level of the river.

By lowering the net production of early successional plants by consuming them and then augmenting the nutrients in the soil available to later successional plants through defecation, the walking stick ensures the tendency of early successional plants to swiftly immobilize soil nutrients in light gaps does not stymie new substantial growth and the recycling of the tropical forest.

By artificially lowering rents on some units with long term tenants, even in some cases forcing landlords to maintain that at a loss, rent control forces landlords to recoup this lost income on newly vacated units, thus increasing rent for new tenants beyond what is necessary.

By only lowering the distal end of the bill into the water it allows nostrils to remain above water.

By contrast, Republicans insisted that national prosperity depended on industry that paid high wages, and warned that lowering the tariff would be a disaster because low-wage European factories would flood American markets.

By increasing overall product quality, the amount of raw materials needed is decreased, thereby lowering manufacturing costs.

By buying goods and then reselling them directly to customers, Ward was consequently removing the middlemen at the general store and, to the benefit of the customer, drastically lowering the prices.

By inhibiting the enterohepatic circulation, more L-thyroxine will be lost through defecation, thus lowering body thyroxine levels.

By lowering the energy of the transition state, it allows a greater population of the starting material to attain the energy needed to overcome the transition energy and proceed to product.

By lowering the water table and opening up large new deposits of lead ore, they transformed the industry.

By combining pharmaceuticals and neurotechnologies, some researchers have discovered ways of lowering the " fear " response and theorize that it may be applicable to PTSD.

By lowering the power supply from 5V to 3. 3V, switching power was reduced by almost 60 percent ( power dissipation is proportional to the square of the supply voltage ).