By 1860, wheat farms had been established from Encounter Bay in the south to Clare in the north.

By 1860, Cuba was devoted to growing sugar, having to import all other necessary goods.

By 1860 the largest slaveholder owned only 16 slaves.

By the 1860 census on the verge of the Civil War, 91. 7 percent of the black population, or nearly 20, 000 people, were free.

By 1860, England removed the last vestiges of the mercantile era.

By 1860 a dozen steamers were operating in the high water season along the Murray and its tributaries.

By 1860, when the first rumblings of secession began to be heard across the South, antebellum Nashville was a very prosperous city.

By 1860, 500, 000 slaves had grown to 4 million.

By 1860 the total number of slaves reached almost four million, and the American Civil War, beginning in 1861, led to the end of slavery in the United States.

By 1860, this " new engine " had already established a reputation for juvenile use in vandalism, as well as at least one human death.

By 1860, almost half a million people, roughly 31 % of the total population of Virginia, were enslaved.

By 1860 about half of the children between 5 and 15 were in school ( including Sunday school ).

By 1860 blacks ( nearly all slaves ) comprised 45 percent of the state's 964, 201 people.

By 1860 the population had grown to 380, 000.

By 1860 there was a telegraph station in Carson City, Nevada.

By petition of Rockville's citizens, the Maryland General Assembly incorporated the village on March 10, 1860.

By a treaty concluded in 1860 between the Sardinian king and Napoleon III, the County was again ceded to France as a territorial reward for French assistance in the Second Italian War of Independence against Austria, which saw Lombardy unified with Piedmont-Sardinia.

By 1860, the Southern states were providing two-thirds of the world ’ s supply of cotton, and up to 80 % of the crucial British market.

By 1860 approximately one in three Southerners was a slave.

By 1860, the total County population was 99, 000 and the largest city was Yonkers.

By 1870 the population in the states served by the Oregon Trail and its offshoots increased by about 350, 000 over their 1860 census levels.

By 1860, Denver City, Golden City, and Boulder City were substantial towns serving the mines.

By 1860, as many as 10, 000 prospectors had flocked to the town, then known as Mountain City, and surrounding prospects, but most soon left, many returning back east.

By 1860, he was working for wholesale grocers, for whom he handled freight transfers, especially dealing with railroads and steamboats.

By 1860 the Chinese were the largest immigrant group in California.

By 1834 the art of oratory had reached a very high level in the United States as a literary form.

By making inroads in the name of law enforcement into the protection which Congress has afforded to the marriage relationship, the Court today continues in the path charted by the recent decision in Wyatt v. United States, 362 U.S. 525, where the Court held that, under the circumstances of that case, a wife could be compelled to testify against her husband over her objection.

By holding out prospects for external capital assistance, the United States can provide strong incentives to prepare for the concerted economic drive necessary to achieve self-sustaining growth.

By fall, 443 survivors of this arduous journey were clustered about Fort Snelling, but most of them were sent on to Galena and St. Louis, with a few going as far as Vevay, Indiana, a notable Swiss center in the United States.

By leaving our doors open the United States gives other peoples the opportunity to see us and to compare, he said.

By the 1850s, slavery was still legal in the southern United States, but had been generally outlawed in the northern states, such as Illinois.

By the 1920s, each state in the United States had passed public laws that stipulated a certain day to be Arbor Day or Arbor and Bird Day observance.

By the mid-nineteenth century there were Wesleyan, Primitive Methodist, United Free Methodist, Congregationalist, Baptist, Swedenborgian, Unitarian, Roman Catholic and Catholic Apostolic churches in the town.

By United Nations law, Bosnia has a right of passage to the outer sea.

By the late nineteenth century, baseball was widely recognized as the national sport of the United States.

By law, farmers in the United States who plant Bt corn must plant non-Bt corn nearby.

By the Victorian era, ballad had come to mean any sentimental popular song, especially so-called " royalty ballads ", which publishers would pay popular singers to perform in Britain and the United States in " ballad concerts.

By February 1948, because of massive post-war military cuts, the entire United States army had been reduced to 552, 000 men.

By cutting transportation costs in half or more it became a large profit center for Albany, New York and New York City as it allowed the cheap transportation of many of the agricultural products grown in the mid west of the United States to the rest of the world.

By the end of the 20th century, Cambridge had one of the most expensive housing markets in the Northeastern United States.

By 1910, the profession, " chemical engineer ", was already in common use in Britain and the United States.

By in vitro measurement of the Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity with an ORAC score of 9, 584 units per 100 g, cranberry ranks near the top of 277 commonly consumed foods in the United States.

By comparison, the former colony of the United Province of Canada ( divided into the District of Canada East, and the District of Canada West ) and the western provinces were dozens of times larger and in some cases were expanded to take in territory formerly held in British Crown grants to companies such as the Hudson's Bay Company ; in particular the November 19, 1869 sale of Rupert's Land to the Government of Canada under the Rupert's Land Act 1868 was facilitated in part by Maritime taxpayers.

By 1994, only its operations in Germany and the United Kingdom were still profitable.

By the late 1970s, a strong anti-disco sentiment developed among rock fans and musicians, particularly in the United States.

By March 1963 however, after the visit of Colonel Michael Greene of the United States Army, and the resulting ' Greene Plan ,' the pattern of bilaterally agreed military assistance to various Congolese military components, instead of a single unified effort, was already taking shape.

By 1916 the three of them became the center of radical anti-art activities in the United States.

By the dawn of World War II, many of the European Dadaists had emigrated to the United States.

By 1949, the United States and British intelligence organizations were working with King Zog and the mountain men of his personal guard.

By the 1980s, the economic viability of the islands was in doubt, but after the Falklands War there was a new commitment from the United Kingdom government.