By the Late Middle Ages, the rank had become associated with the ideals of chivalry, a code of conduct for the perfect courtly Christian warrior.

By Late Antiquity, the tradition of Moses being the source of the law in the Pentateuch also gave rise to the tradition of Mosaic authorship, the interpretation of the entire Torah as the work of Moses.

By this time, the Late Egyptian word is reconstructed to have been pronounced whence comes Ancient Greek and then Late Latin.

By then, the dates of the Early Stone Age, or Paleolithic, and Late Stone Age, or Neolithic ( neo = new ), were fairly solid and were regarded by Goodwin as absolute.

By the Late Republican era, increasing competition among the competitive military-political adventurers who ran Rome's nascent empire ensured that triumphs became more frequent, drawn out and extravagant, prolonged in some cases by several days of public games and entertainments.

By the Late Eocene ( 46 million years ago ), the three modern suborders had already developed: Suina ( the pig group ); Tylopoda ( the camel group ); and Ruminantia ( the goat and cattle group ).

By the Late Republic era, Bona Dea's May festival and Aventine temple could have fallen into official disuse, or official disrepute.

By 1851 the " Chaumont suite " of early-16th century Late Gothic tapestries with subjects of courntry life emblemmatic of the triumph of Eternity, closely associated with Chaumont and now at the Cleveland Museum of Art, was still hanging in the " Chambre de Catherine de Médicis "; the tapestries had been cut and pieced to fit the room.

By Late Antiquity, some Gnostic and Neoplatonist thinkers had expanded this syncretic equation to include Aion, Adonis, Attis, Mithras and other gods of the mystery religions.

By 1930, he had branched out into writing with works such as A Murder Has Been Arranged and The Late Christopher Bean.

By the Maya mythological tradition, as documented in Colonial Yucatec accounts and reconstructed from Late Classic and Postclassic inscriptions, the deity Itzamna is frequently credited with bringing the knowledge of the calendar system to the ancestral Maya, along with writing in general and other foundational aspects of Maya culture.

By the Late Roman period, notarius came to denote registrars attached to the courts of provincial governors, secretaries of emperors, and the highest class of officials in the privy council and the imperial chancery.

By the Late Republic, manus marriage had become rare, and a woman remained legally a part of her birth family.

* By the Late Middle Ages most European crossbows employed a windlass as a cocking mechanism, which helped to pull heavier crossbows, but were used in England as early as 1215.

By the 1860s, Hughes had grown disenchanted with the materialism of Late Victorian England.

By then end of the Late Woodland period, about 1000, the Miller culture area was absorbed into the succeeding Mississippian culture.

By the Late Triassic, ichthyosaurs consisted of both classic Shastasauria and more advanced, " dolphin "- like Euichthyosauria ( Californosaurus, Toretocnemus ) and Parvipelvia ( Hudsonelpidia, Macgowania ).

By, canids had spread to Africa ( Early Pliocene ) and South America ( Late Pliocene ).

By the Late Middle Ages ( circa 1300 onward ), Latium, the heartland of the Roman Empire, and southern Italy, was poorer than the north.

By 1958, Liberty was close to bankruptcy when Ross Bagdasarian, Sr. convinced them that they might as well press singles of " The Chipmunk Song ( Christmas Don't Be Late )" with the leftover vinyl pucks and labels in their warehouse.

By the end of the Late Cycladic sequence ( ca.

By the Late Classic ( Monte Albán IIIB / IV, ca.

By the High and Late Medieval Era, the Irish annals were listing native musicians, such as the following:

By 1850, Luanda was one of the greatest and most developed Portuguese cities in the vast Portuguese Empire outside Mainland Portugal, full of trading companies, exporting ( together with Benguela ) palm and peanut oil, wax, copal, timber, ivory, cotton, coffee, and cocoa, among many other products.

By the middle of the 19th century, industrialisation swept away most of the city's medieval rules of production and commerce, although the entirely corrupt remains of the city's mediæval constitution was kept in place ( compare the famous remarks of Georg Forster in his Ansichten vom Niederrhein ) until 1801, when Aachen became the " chef-lieu du département de la Roer " in Napoléon's First French Empire.

By 454, the Delian League could be fairly characterized as an Athenian Empire ; at the start of the Peloponnesian War, only Chios and Lesbos were left to contribute ships, and these states were by now far too weak to secede without support.

By 150 BC, Assyria was under the control of the Parthian Empire as Athura ( the Parthian word for Assyria ) where the Assyrian city of Ashur seems to have gained a degree of autonomy, and temples to the native gods of Assyria were resurrected.

By the early 20th century, Bulgaria, Greece, Montenegro and Serbia had achieved independence from the Ottoman Empire, but large parts of their ethnic populations remained under Ottoman rule.

By the 18th century, the Ottoman Empire was driven out of Hungary, and Austria brought the empire under central control.

By 1080, a huge area had been lost to the Empire, and the Turks were within striking distance of Constantinople.

By the end of Qianlong Emperor's long reign, the Qing Empire was at its zenith.

By the terms of the agreement, the election of bishops and abbots in Germany was to take place in the emperor's presence as judge between potentially disputing parties, free of bribes, thus retaining to the emperor a crucial role in choosing these great territorial magnates of the Empire.

By the mid-19th century, however, the powerful British Empire gave up mercantilism and trade restrictions and introduced the principle of free trade, with few restrictions or tariffs.

By the first century BC Germanic languages had become prevalent, and the inhabitants were called Belgæ while the area was the coastal district of Gallia Belgica, the most northeastern province of the Roman Empire at its height.

By the time the film " The Empire Strikes Back " was released in 1980 Star Wars fanzines had surpassed Star Trek zines in sales.

By provoking Britain, France, the Netherlands and the Empire to form the Quadruple Alliance, his hasty and ambitious plans brought a flood of disaster to Spain, for which Alberoni was held responsible.

By the 1860s, the Russian Empire – continued as the Soviet Union – became the largest contiguous state in the world, and the latter's main successor, Russia, continues to be so to this day.

By granting land to the abbotts and bishops he appointed, Otto actually made these bishops into " princes of the Empire " ( Reichsfürsten ); in this way, Otto was able to establish a national church.

By the end of the Hittite Empire, the Hittite language had become a written language of administration and diplomatic correspondence.

By the end of the Roman Empire, having undergone Christian attack and repression, Epicureanism had all but died out, and would be resurrected in the 17th century by the atomist Pierre Gassendi, who adapted it to the Christian doctrine.

By the start of the 18th century, a political union between Scotland and England became politically and economically attractive, promising to open up the much larger markets of England, as well as those of the growing British Empire.

By contrast it was continually read and taught in the Greek-speaking Eastern Roman Empire where the majority of the classics also survived.

By the 18th century, it had transformed itself into the Maratha Empire under the rule of the peshwas ( prime ministers ).

By the mid-15th century, the Benin Empire was engaged in political expansion and consolidation.

By the 17th century, the Maravi Empire encompassed all the area between Lake Malawi and the mouth of the Zambezi River.

By the 18th century, the Tsardom of Russia had become the huge Russian Empire, stretching from the Polish – Lithuanian Commonwealth eastward to the Pacific Ocean.

By this time Tiberius had left more of the day-to-day running of the Empire to Lucius Aelius Sejanus.

By this time the Portuguese Empire had already lost its interest on the spice trade sea route because of the decreasing profitability of that business.