Documents again began to be written in Sumerian, although Sumerian was becoming a purely literary or liturgical language, much as Latin later would be in Medieval Europe.

Alexander III ( Medieval Gaelic: Alaxandair mac Alaxandair ; Modern Gaelic: Alasdair mac Alasdair ) ( 4 September 1241 – 19 March 1286 ) was King of Scots from 1249 to his death.

This was used after Sam Raimi was unable to use his original title " The Medieval Dead.

The Archbishopric of Riga (, ) was an archbishopric in Medieval Livonia, a subject to the Holy See.

In 1731, the manuscript was badly damaged by a fire that swept through a building housing a collection of Medieval manuscripts assembled by Sir Robert Bruce Cotton.

The weaponized threat comes mainly in the form of pneumonic plague ( infection by inhalation ) It was the disease that caused the Black Death in Medieval Europe.

The late Medieval period saw the recitation of certain hours of the Little Office of the Blessed Virgin, which was based on the Breviary in form and content, becoming popular among those who could read, and Bishop Challoner did much to popularise the hours of Sunday Vespers and Compline ( albeit in English translation ) in his ' Garden of the Soul ' in the eighteenth century.

A Brythonic language was used in parts of Galicia and Asturias into early Medieval times brought by Britons fleeing the Anglo-Saxon invasions via Brittany.

It is through Boethius that much of the thought of the Classical period was made available to the Western Medieval world.

The elemental system used in Medieval alchemy was developed by the Arabic alchemist Jābir ibn Hayyān and others.

Saint Columba ( 7 December 521 – 9 June 597 AD )— also known as Colum Cille, or Chille ( Old Irish, meaning " dove of the church "), Colm Cille ( Irish ), Calum Cille ( Scottish Gaelic ), Colum Keeilley ( Manx Gaelic ) and Kolban or Kolbjørn ( Old Norse )— was a Gaelic Irish missionary monk who propagated Christianity among the Picts during the Early Medieval Period.

The Citadel of Gondershe | Gondershe, Somalia was an important city in the Medieval Ajuuraan State | Ajuuraan Empire.

Medieval military doctrine employed them as part of a combined-arms force along with various kinds of foot troops ; however medieval chroniclers tended to pay undue attention to the knights at the expense of the rank and file, which led early students of military history to suppose that this heavy cavalry was the only force that mattered on medieval European battlefields, which was not the case.

Constantine, son of Áed ( Medieval Gaelic: Constantín mac Áeda ; Modern Gaelic: Còiseam mac Aoidh, known in most modern regnal lists as Constantine II ; before 879 – 952 ) was an early King of Scotland, known then by the Gaelic name Alba.

The polyphonic organization of different melodies to sound at the same time was still a relatively new invention then, and it is understandable that the mathematical or physical relationships in frequency that give rise to the musical intervals as we hear them, should be foremost among the preoccupations of Medieval musicians.

" The linking of David to earthly kingship was reflected in later Medieval cathedral windows all over Europe through the device of the Tree of Jesse, its branches demonstrating how divine kingship descended from Jesse, through his son David, to Jesus.

Damascus steel was a term used by several Western cultures from the Medieval period onward to describe a type of steel created in India and used in swordmaking from about 300 BC to 1700 AD.

The name was transmitted via the Latin delphinus ( the romanization of the later Greek δελφῖνος – delphinos ), which in Medieval Latin became dolfinus and in Old French daulphin, which reintroduced the ph into the word.

It appears in Middle English as olifant or olifaunt, and was borrowed from Medieval French olifanz.

The Medieval Gjakmarrja ( blood feud ) was banned.

Possibly a borrowing ( probably via Frankish or Old High German ) of the Medieval Latin word foresta " open wood ", foresta was first used by Carolingian scribes in the Capitularies of Charlemagne to refer specifically to the king's royal hunting grounds.

The idea of feudalism was unknown and the system it describes were not conceived of as a formal political system by the people living in the Medieval Period.

Similarly, it was commonly believed by Medieval people that other ancient figures like the poet Virgil, astronomer Ptolemy and philosopher Aristotle had been involved in magic, and grimoires claiming to have been written by them were circulated.

The exact origin of Medieval Latin foresta is obscure.

The origins of Osprey are obscure ; the word itself was first recorded around 1460, derived via the Anglo-French ospriet and the Medieval Latin avis prede " bird of prey ," from the Latin avis praedæ though the Oxford English Dictionary notes a connection with the Latin ossifraga or " bone breaker " of Pliny the Elder.

Foucault then develops a holistic account of power and uses methods not too dissimilar to the astonishing and outstanding Medieval Islamic polymaths scholars Alhazen, Ibn Sīnā, and Ibn Khaldūn and to a lesser extant prominent science figures from 20th century science such as ; Gregory Bateson, James Lovelock ( the founder of Gaia hypothesis ) and Robert N. Proctor ( Proctor who coined the term Agnotology ) and urges us to think outside the box of this new kind of power, therefore, opening up the possibilities of further investigations into this new perceived, impenetrable nature of biopower and according to Foucault he asks us to remember, this type of power is never neutral nor is it independent from the rest of society but are embedded within society functioning as embellished ' control technology ' specifics. Foucault argues ; nation states, police, government, legal practices, human sciences and medical institutions have their own rationale, cause and effects, strategies, technologies, mechanisms and codes and have managed successfully in the past to obscure there workings by hiding behind observation and scrutiny.

Home base is the Guild of Free Adventurers, an association of heroes on the mystical world of Eamon, a vaguely Medieval place awash in magic and populated with strange creatures.

The group has developed to collaborate on their own highly successful books written as linked novellas, each book with a consistent theme, under the brand of The Medieval Murderers.

In contrast the Medieval European's sense of self was linked to a network of social roles: " the household, the kinship network, the guild, the corporation-these were the building blocks of personhood ", Stephen Greenblatt observes, in recounting the recovery ( 1417 ) and career of Lucretius ' poem De rerum natura: " at the core of the poem lay key principles of a modern understanding of the world.

Medieval and Renaissance authors often linked this transfer of power by genealogically attaching a ruling family to an ancient Greek or Trojan hero ; this schema was modeled on Virgil's use of Aeneas ( a Trojan hero ) as mythic founder of the city of Rome in his Aeneid.

Today's traditional Persian music began to develop after the advent of Islam in Iran in the Medieval era, and the creation of today's formal, classical musical tradition is directly linked to the music systems of the Safavid Dynasty.

Even the most active reformers can be linked to Medieval mystical traditions.

However, Medieval and later drawings often show it with two or more scaled feet, particularly chicken feet, and feathered wings.

In Europe, the Medieval Warm Period ended some time towards the end of the 13th century, bringing the " Little Ice Age " and harsher winters with reduced harvests.

To Medieval thinking, all things were connected with each other — a mode of thought that finds its traces today in the occult sciences or esoteric thought — ranging from astrology to believing certain minerals have certain beneficiary effects.

Not all Medieval writers are so at odds with the Virgilian standard, and with the rediscovery of classical literature later Medieval and Renaissance writers are far more orthodox, but by then the form had become an academic exercise.

Samarrai, however, also advises to handle this theory with care, as Medieval and Early Modern Muslim scribes often used etymologically " fanciful roots " in order claim the most outlandish things to be of Arabian or Muslim origin.

* Medieval Sourcebook: First Lateran Council: Canons with annotations

* R. Blackhirst, " The Medieval Gospel of Barnabas ": Full text of the Italian ms of Gospel of Barnabas, ( in English ), with supplementary material and photographs

Medieval foreign policy was as much shaped by relations with the Flemish textile industry as it was by dynastic adventures in western France.

Their re-introduction, combined with Judeo-Islamic theological commentaries, had a great influence on Medieval philosophers such as Thomas Aquinas.

Medieval popular etymology also associated it ( wrongly ) with derivations from the Latin impetere ( to attack ).

The onset of Romanticism rekindled interest in Renaissance and Medieval artwork, and the Sauvageot donation expanded the department with 1, 500 middle-age and faïence works.

* Medieval European T and O maps such as the Hereford Mappa Mundi were centred on Jerusalem with East at the top.

The Medieval Inquisition is a series of Inquisitions ( Catholic Church bodies charged with suppressing heresy ) from around 1184, including the Episcopal Inquisition ( 1184-1230s ) and later the Papal Inquisition ( 1230s ).

Medieval knights for example were often laden with up to 100 pounds of plate or chain link armour in addition to swords, lances and other weapons.

Just as modern military engineers enhance field fortifications with obstacles such as barbed wire, Medieval engineers used a number of obstacle types including abatis, caltrops, cheval de frise, and trou de loup.

Twice a year they meet together in a breath taking archery contest under the walls of the Fortezza, conducted in Medieval dress, with lords and ladies of each contrada who accompany the proceedings.

On the whole, Early Medieval scribes were indiscriminate in supplying themselves with material from any old volumes that happened to be at hand.

It uses a distinctive form of the general Celtic Early Medieval development of La Tène style with increasing influences from the Insular art of 7th and 8th century Ireland and Northumbria, and then Anglo-Saxon and Irish art as the Early Medieval period continues.

Staff-weapons in Medieval or Renaissance England were lumped together under the generic term " staves " but when dealing with them in detail we are faced with terminological difficulty.