The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ( DSM ), the widely used psychiatric manual that defines all mental disorders, uses the term general medical condition to refer to all diseases, illnesses, and injuries except for mental disorders.

The DSM has attracted praise for standardizing psychiatric diagnostic categories and criteria.

The range of the DSM represents an extensive scope of psychiatric and psychological issues or conditions, and it is not exclusive to what may be considered " illnesses ".

Proponents argue that the inter-rater reliability of DSM diagnoses ( via a specialized Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV ( SCID ) rather than usual psychiatric assessment ) is reasonable, and that there is good evidence of distinct patterns of mental, behavioral or neurological dysfunction to which the DSM disorders correspond well.

The lack of a causative or explanatory basis, however, is not specific to the DSM, but rather reflects a general lack of pathophysiological understanding of psychiatric disorders.

A 2009 psychiatric review noted that attempts to demonstrate natural boundaries between related DSM syndromes, or between a common DSM syndrome and normality, have failed.

The American Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ( DSM ) has eliminated the category of " neurosis ", reflecting a decision by the editors to provide descriptions of behavior as opposed to hidden psychological mechanisms as diagnostic criteria, and, according to The American Heritage Medical Dictionary, it is " no longer used in psychiatric diagnosis ".

Brief reactive psychosis, referred to in the DSM IV-TR as " brief psychotic disorder with marked stressor ( s )", is the psychiatric term for psychosis which can be triggered by an extremely stressful event in the life of an individual.

The psychiatric handbook, the DSM ( see below ), used to call this sexual disorder by the name frottage until the second edition ( DSM II ).

According to DSM IV ( Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, IV edition ), where all psychiatric illnesses are represented as numerals to avoid confusion, frotteurism is classified as 302. 89.

Though the psychiatric establishment once medicalized same-sex desire, homosexuality was later removed in 1974 as a mental disorder from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ( DSM ) because it wasn't supported by sound scientific evidence and didn't meet the criteria for a mental disorder.

Due to its artifactual nature, psychiatric comorbidity has been considered as a Kuhnian anomaly leading the DSM to a scientific crisis and a comprehensive review on the matter considers comorbidity as an epistemological challenge to modern psychiatry.

The American Psychiatric Association ( APA ) considered and rejected a proposal to add sexual addiction to its list of psychiatric disorders, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ( DSM ).

In 1986 all references to homosexuality as a psychiatric disorder were removed from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ( DSM ) of the American Psychiatric Association.

Soldiers received increased psychiatric attention, and World War II saw the development in the US of a new psychiatric manual for categorizing mental disorders, which along with existing systems for collecting census and hospital statistics led to the first Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ( DSM ).

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual ( DSM ) is the psychiatric profession ’ s official classification manual of mental disorders since its first published version DSM-I in by the APA, 1952.

The DSM incorporates such conditions under the umbrella category of substance use disorders, which includes substance dependence and substance abuse.

Other researchers disagree and argue that the existence of the condition and its inclusion in the DSM is supported by multiple lines of reliable evidence, with diagnostic criteria allowing it to be clearly discriminated from conditions it is often mistaken for ( schizophrenia, borderline personality disorder, and seizure disorder ).

In the opinion of McGill University psychiatrist Joel Paris, this inadvertently legitimized them by forcing textbooks, which mimicked the structure of the DSM, to include a separate chapter on them and resulted in an increase in diagnosis of dissociative conditions.

The fifth version of the DSM ( DSM-5 ), due out in May 2013, is likely to reclassify Tourette's as a neurodevelopmental disorder, and to include additional diagnoses to account for tic disorders due to substance abuse or other general medical conditions.

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ( DSM ) of the American Psychiatric Association ( APA ) includes an entry called Sexual Disorder Not Otherwise Specified ( Sexual Disorder NOS ) to apply to, among other conditions, “ distress about a pattern of repeated sexual relationships involving a succession of lovers who are experienced by the individual only as things to be used .” A proposal to add Hypersexual Disorder to the appendix ( but not the main list of official diagnoses ) of the DSM is currently under consideration by the APA.

The DSM IV-TR is very specific in its definition of Intermittent Explosive Disorder which is defined, essentially, by exclusion of other conditions.

* Autism spectrum – a range of conditions classified as pervasive developmental disorders in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ( DSM ).

In psychology and psychiatry, the DSM is the most common global standard, while in medicine, the standard is ICD.

To be diagnosed with mania according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ( DSM ), a person must experience this state of elevated or irritable mood, as well as other symptoms, for at least one week, less if hospitalization is required.

The definition of rapid cycling most frequently cited in the literature ( including the DSM ) is that of Dunner and Fieve: at least four major depressive, manic, hypomanic or mixed episodes are required to have occurred during a 12-month period.

These individuals are usually considered to be mentally ill, although the compulsion to eat human flesh is not formally listed as a mental disorder in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ( DSM ).

The DSM, including DSM-IV, is a registered trademark belonging to the American Psychiatric Association ( APA ).

The current version of the DSM characterizes a mental disorder as " a clinically significant behavioral or psychological syndrome or pattern that occurs in an individual is associated with present distress ... or disability ... or with a significant increased risk of suffering.

Spitzer argued that " mental disorders are a subset of medical disorders " but the task force decided on the DSM statement: " Each of the mental disorders is conceptualized as a clinically significant behavioral or psychological syndrome.

Critics, such as psychiatrist Niall McLaren, argue that the DSM lacks validity because it has no relation to an agreed scientific model of mental disorder and therefore the decisions taken about its categories ( or even the question of categories versus dimensions ) were not scientific ones ; and that it lacks reliability partly because different diagnoses share many criteria, and what appear to be different criteria are often just rewordings of the same idea, meaning that the decision to allocate one diagnosis or another to a patient is to some extent a matter of personal prejudice.

By design, the DSM is primarily concerned with the signs and symptoms of mental disorders, rather than the underlying causes.

" However, the DSM is based on an underlying structure that assumes discrete medical disorders that can be separated from each other by symptom patterns.

Reviewers note, however, that this approach is undermining research, including in genetics, because it results in the grouping of individuals who have very little in common except superficial criteria as per DSM or ICD diagnosis.

A recent example is evolutionary psychologists ' criticism that the DSM does not differentiate between genuine cognitive malfunctions and those induced by psychological adaptations, a key distinction within evolutionary psychology, but one widely challenged within general psychology.

Another example is a strong operationalist viewpoint, which contends that reliance on operational definitions, as purported by the DSM, necessitates that intuitive concepts such as depression be replaced by specific measurable concepts before they are scientifically meaningful.

The DSM does include a step (" Axis IV ") for outlining " Psychosocial and environmental factors contributing to the disorder " once someone is diagnosed with that particular disorder.

Indeed, Robert Spitzer, a past editor and leading proponent of scientific impartiality in the DSM, conceded that a significant reason that certain diagnoses ( the paraphilias ) would not, in his opinion, be removed from the DSM is because " it would be a public relations disaster for psychiatry ".

The next ( fifth ) edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ( DSM ), DSM-5, is currently in consultation, planning and preparation.

The Distinguished Service Medal ( DSM ) is a military award of the United States Army that is presented to any person who, while serving in any capacity with the United States military, has distinguished himself or herself by exceptionally meritorious service to the Government in a duty of great responsibility.

The latter criteria are typically used in Europe and other regions while the DSM criteria are used in the USA and other regions, as well as prevailing in research studies.

The DSM can be used clinically in this way, and also to categorize patients using diagnostic criteria for research purposes.

Although treated separately by some, the commonly used categorical schemes include them as mental disorders, albeit on a separate " axis II " in the case of the DSM.

However, this term is no longer used in the United States to refer to the sexual disorder, which is now called frotteurism, as it is in the current fourth edition ( DSM IV ).

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders fourth edition, DSM IV-TR, a widely used manual for diagnosing mental disorders, defines narcissistic personality disorder ( in Axis II Cluster B ) as:

Orthorexia nervosa ( also known as orthorexia ) is not mentioned in the DSM, but was first used by Steven Bratman to characterize people who develop an obsession with avoiding foods perceived to be unhealthy.

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders fourth edition, ( DSM IV-TR = 301. 4 ), a widely used manual for diagnosing mental disorders, defines obsessive – compulsive personality disorder ( in Axis II Cluster C ) as:

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders fourth edition, DSM IV-TR, a widely used manual for diagnosing mental disorders, defines dependent personality disorder as a pervasive and excessive need to be taken care of that leads to submissive and clinging behavior and fears of separation, present in a wide variety of contexts and present by early adulthood and having at least five of the following ( in Axis II Cluster C ) as:

According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders fourth edition ( DSM IV-TR ), a frequent and widely used guide for the diagnosis of mental disorders, the following symptoms and characteristics are the diagnostic criteria for kleptomania:

Modern diagnostic systems used in psychiatry ( such as the DSM ) maintain this categorical view.

The term is used in both the World Health Organization's International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems ( ICD-10 ) and in the DSM-IV-TR, the revised fourth edition of the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ( DSM ).

A 2002 study of children in residential nurseries in Bucharest, in which the DAI was used, challenged the current DSM and ICD conceptualizations of disordered attachment and showed that inhibited and disinhibited disorders could coexist in the same child.

There are two studies on the incidence of RAD relating to high risk and maltreated children in the U. S. Both used ICD, DSM and the DAI.

The term is frequently used both as an alternative to reactive attachment disorder and in discussions about different proposed classifications for disorders of attachment beyond the limitations of the ICD and DSM classifications.

It is also used within the field of attachment therapy, as is the term reactive attachment disorder, to describe a range of problematic behaviors not within the ICD or DSM criteria or not related directly to attachment styles or difficulties at all.

Greenspan recently orchestrated and edited the writing of the Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual ( PDM ), a new manual intended to supplement the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual ( DSM ) currently used to diagnose psychological disorders.

DSM Resins manufactures products used in a wide variety of applications such as paints, wind mills and automotive.